{"id":3857,"date":"2025-09-11T03:34:41","date_gmt":"2025-09-11T01:34:41","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/?page_id=3857"},"modified":"2026-05-06T00:44:55","modified_gmt":"2026-05-05T22:44:55","slug":"combined-network","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/combined-network\/","title":{"rendered":"\u041a\u043e\u043c\u0431\u0438\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0435\u0442\u044c"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"et_pb_section_0 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_block_section preset--module--divi-section--r8sdbfu0jf\"><div class=\"et_pb_row_0 et_pb_row et_block_row\"><div class=\"et_pb_column_0 et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et-last-child et_block_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><div class=\"et_pb_menu_0 et_pb_menu et_pb_menu--without-logo et_pb_menu--style-left_aligned et_dropdown_animation_fade et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_text_align_right et_pb_text_align_right-tablet et_pb_text_align_right-phone et_pb_module et_block_module preset--module--divi-menu--3uv4pj3yk3\"><div class=\"et_pb_menu_inner_container\"><div class=\"et_pb_menu__wrap\"><div class=\"et_pb_menu__menu\"><nav class=\"et-menu-nav\"><ul id=\"menu-%d1%81%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bc%d0%b0-%d0%b2%d0%be%d0%b7%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%b9%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b2%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b0%d0%bb%d1%8b\" class=\"et-menu nav downwards\"><li id=\"menu-item-3113\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-2918 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-3113\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/\">Impact system<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-3238\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3234 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3238\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/observation-elements\/\">Observation elements<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-3800\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3796 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3800\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/equipment-for-data-access\/\">Access equipment<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-3826\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3808 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3826\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/signal-generator\/\">Signal generator<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-3850\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3829 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3850\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/stimulation-elements\/\">Stimulation elements<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-3869\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3857 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3869\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/combined-network\/\">Combined network<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3888\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3872 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3888\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/confidentiality-system\/\">Confidentiality system<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3912\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3904 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3912\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/operating-principle\/\">Operating principle<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3911\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3906 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3911\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/environment-change\/\">Environment change<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3910\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3908 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3910\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/stimulation-mechanism\/\">Stimulation mechanism<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/nav><\/div><div class=\"et_mobile_nav_menu\"><div class=\"mobile_nav closed\"><span class=\"mobile_menu_bar\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_section_1 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_flex_section\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_row_1 et_pb_row et_block_row\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_1 et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_5 et_flex_column et_pb_column_empty et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_3_5 et_flex_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_0 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1>Combined network<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_1 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Provides data delivery.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_3 et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_5 et-last-child et_flex_column et_pb_column_empty et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_section_2 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_block_section\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_row_2 et_pb_row et_block_row\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et-last-child et_block_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_menu_1 et_pb_menu et_pb_menu--without-logo et_pb_menu--style-left_aligned et_dropdown_animation_fade et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_text_align_right-tablet et_pb_text_align_right-phone et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_menu_inner_container\"><div class=\"et_pb_menu__wrap\"><div class=\"et_pb_menu__menu\"><nav class=\"et-menu-nav\"><ul id=\"menu-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%b1%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%8f-%d1%81%d0%b5%d1%82%d1%8c\" class=\"et-menu nav downwards\"><li id=\"menu-item-3867\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3867 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3867\"><a href=\"#connected-networks\">Connected networks<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3868\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3868 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3868\"><a href=\"#isolated-networks\">Isolated networks<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/nav><\/div><div class=\"et_mobile_nav_menu\"><div class=\"mobile_nav closed\"><span class=\"mobile_menu_bar\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_section_3 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_flex_section\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_row_3 et_pb_row et_pb_gutters3 et_block_row\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_5 et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_5 et_flex_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_sidebar_0 et_pb_widget_area clearfix et_pb_widget_area_left et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_sidebar_no_border et_pb_module et_flex_module preset--module--divi-sidebar--si8bosn29v\"><div id=\"nav_menu-7\" class=\"et_pb_widget widget_nav_menu et_flex_column et_flex_column_24_24\"><div class=\"menu-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%b1%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%8f-%d1%81%d0%b5%d1%82%d1%8c-container\"><ul id=\"menu-%d0%ba%d0%be%d0%bc%d0%b1%d0%b8%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%80%d0%be%d0%b2%d0%b0%d0%bd%d0%bd%d0%b0%d1%8f-%d1%81%d0%b5%d1%82%d1%8c-1\" class=\"menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3867\"><a href=\"#connected-networks\">Connected networks<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3868\"><a href=\"#isolated-networks\">Isolated networks<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_6 et_pb_column et_pb_column_3_5 et_flex_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_2 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Combined network<\/strong> is a unification of multiple disparate networks into one (including isolated networks).<\/p>\n<p><strong>Purpose of a combined network<\/strong>: to ensure data exchange.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_0 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/diagram-combined-network-an-example-of-a-hybrid-network-where-an-electronic-device-can-capture-data-on-a-wifi-network-transmit-it-over-the-electrical-grid-and-output-it-via-usb.png\" title=\"Example of a combined network where an electronic device (observation\/stimulation element) can capture data in a Wi-Fi network, transmit it through an electrical network, Bluetooth, sound waves, and output it via USB. Stimulation signals can be transmitted in the same way (the real scheme of a combined network is more complex).\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"Example of a combined network where an electronic device (observation\/stimulation element) can capture data in a Wi-Fi network, transmit it through an electrical network, Bluetooth, sound waves, and output it via USB. Stimulation signals can be transmitted in the same way (the real scheme of a combined network is more complex).\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/diagram-combined-network-an-example-of-a-hybrid-network-where-an-electronic-device-can-capture-data-on-a-wifi-network-transmit-it-over-the-electrical-grid-and-output-it-via-usb.png\" alt=\"Example of a combined network where an electronic device (observation\/stimulation element) can capture data in a Wi-Fi network, transmit it through an electrical network, Bluetooth, sound waves, and output it via USB. Stimulation signals can be transmitted in the same way (the real scheme of a combined network is more complex).\" title=\"Example of a combined network where an electronic device (observation\/stimulation element) can capture data in a Wi-Fi network, transmit it through an electrical network, Bluetooth, sound waves, and output it via USB. Stimulation signals can be transmitted in the same way (the real scheme of a combined network is more complex).\" width=\"1999\" height=\"1894\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/diagram-combined-network-an-example-of-a-hybrid-network-where-an-electronic-device-can-capture-data-on-a-wifi-network-transmit-it-over-the-electrical-grid-and-output-it-via-usb.png 1999w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/diagram-combined-network-an-example-of-a-hybrid-network-where-an-electronic-device-can-capture-data-on-a-wifi-network-transmit-it-over-the-electrical-grid-and-output-it-via-usb-1280x1213.png 1280w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/diagram-combined-network-an-example-of-a-hybrid-network-where-an-electronic-device-can-capture-data-on-a-wifi-network-transmit-it-over-the-electrical-grid-and-output-it-via-usb-980x929.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/01\/diagram-combined-network-an-example-of-a-hybrid-network-where-an-electronic-device-can-capture-data-on-a-wifi-network-transmit-it-over-the-electrical-grid-and-output-it-via-usb-480x455.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) and (max-width: 1280px) 1280px, (min-width: 1281px) 1999px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-8531\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_3 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Example of a combined network where an electronic device (observation\/stimulation element) can capture data in a Wi-Fi network, transmit it through an electrical network, Bluetooth, sound waves, and output it via USB. Stimulation signals can be transmitted in the same way (the real scheme of a combined network is more complex).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_4 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>The combined network contains connected and disconnected (isolated) networks.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_5 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h2 id=\"connected-networks\">Connected networks<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_6 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>In a connected network, data delivery is ensured by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Electrical network;<\/li>\n<li>Optical fiber;<\/li>\n<li>Ethernet over twisted pair;<\/li>\n<li>Wi-Fi;<\/li>\n<li>Li-Fi;<\/li>\n<li>WiMax;<\/li>\n<li>GPRS;<\/li>\n<li>EDGE;<\/li>\n<li>LTE;<\/li>\n<li>5G, 6G;<\/li>\n<li>Zigbee;<\/li>\n<li>Bluetooth;<\/li>\n<li>Bluetooth Low Energy;<\/li>\n<li>LoRa and others.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Electrical network<\/strong> allows transmission of data at speeds from 200 bit\/s up to 576 kbit\/s (in special cases over 1 Gbit\/s) via wires simultaneously used for alternating current power delivery. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Power-line_communication\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Power-line communication<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/18a2AppwKqIBr-tlGWeQ1D-qleyQdbnPkli9Kcye2gI8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/G.hn\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">G.hn<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/19M4KIDvhuXLlq-idLHUrzZanRdcg2CxZQI70ZVecKdI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wide_area_synchronous_grid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wide area synchronous grid<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-Sloh9uRGI-zmXKNuNcj6QXzz3q9LThYMUJ9kzRJWiU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smart_grid\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smart grid<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1icQhFSGdV7pHS0_1jxzbi7qsHXaQwbY1rs-cJ1xJ-vk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Scientific articles: <a href=\"https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-01066411\/document\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Current Power Line Communication Systems: A Survey<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1pMOCpx8tNxeh9HRSK1hZHvS_JkocidxcG2qdgS0nnsw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1804.04014.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PowerHammer: Exfiltrating Data from Air-Gapped Computers through Power Lines<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1kml5W0TdBWs-jSNnZ6XDkMXBgzpCtkF_50S6yZxxWJ8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/357453014_Analysis_of_Compromising_Video_Disturbances_through_Power_Line\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Analysis of Compromising Video Disturbances through Power Line<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1pGmKj_P13-PzekZE0McXXR_mjWFGOzgiJD9MFT0rHHk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Optical fiber<\/strong> allows data transmission at speeds exceeding 20 Pbit\/s. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Optical_fiber\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Optical fiber<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1EDCOYTkvITNlaLMp-mJtpEuSbDWVlaK6EBKcQn3oDQg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Ethernet over twisted pair<\/strong> allows data transmission at speeds exceeding 10 Gbit\/s. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Ethernet_over_twisted_pair\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ethernet over twisted pair<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1pnq6PXWNYHPaQLSCH6SEceEvVlJa2rt_-qZ14BsG3qs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Wi-Fi<\/strong> allows data transmission up to 300 meters (with amplification over 15 km) at speeds up to 9.6 Gbit\/s using radio waves. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wi-Fi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wi-Fi<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Oe5Ju3gPAMD7qyWVzPO1dmg8QHRh6pmsKhdYcmEOzlM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Li-Fi<\/strong> allows data transmission up to 10 meters at speeds up to 10 Gbit\/s using light waves. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Li-Fi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Li-Fi<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/125oWY5xuiJvvEaNaAbBugdfY97-3bVu236GgfIgcuGA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>WiMax<\/strong> allows data transmission up to 50 km (in special cases up to 80 km) at speeds up to 8 Mbit\/s (with amplification up to 1 Gbit\/s) using radio waves. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WiMAX\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WiMAX<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1uOa6LnDVDdXnKugwWehwWWODSThqrY1iRZQRfdMuX8A\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>GPRS<\/strong> allows data transmission at speeds up to 171 kbit\/s using cellular network. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/General_Packet_Radio_Service\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">General Packet Radio Service (GPRS)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1bI3VzugshDPDVHFvzv0lD7FMb8-V6JqzRcOGH9xrv5E\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>EDGE<\/strong> allows data transmission at speeds up to 1 Mbit\/s using cellular network. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Enhanced_Data_rates_for_GSM_Evolution\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution (EDGE)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/18KPA_mK9Vf61B0WkJHBL54mceVkreirPw9-1xwHmLVo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>LTE<\/strong> allows data transmission at speeds up to 300 Mbit\/s using cellular network. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LTE_(telecommunication)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LTE (telecommunication)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/12DeqjQTOAzIJq0p1KtjKWNhIo1NTTDBdxHTRCl33Fso\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>5G, 6G<\/strong> allow data transmission at speeds of 100 Gbit\/s (reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/5G\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">5G<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ACHznjuClvIdC0CvydgXpprFis9J3CVa11XJAUlnJFQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>) and 200 Gbit\/s (reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/6G_(network)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">6G (network)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1O8C9nlp1hkWpoGq2vTNEaAZoDFHKdHaXfkd9bUrzvYU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>) using cellular network.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Zigbee<\/strong> allows data transmission up to 4 km at speeds up to 250 kbit\/s using radio waves. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Zigbee\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Zigbee<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1nwx3VnjmPvsrvbrLD7a2pDe5COUrDqQFkU4nkPOhpDY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>W-USB<\/strong> allows data transmission up to 10 meters at speeds up to 110 Mbit\/s using radio waves. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wireless_USB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wireless USB<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1GycDRzUQ3NZxpvHyJXcBQjdcvwIR7qnH7KvjefjJpsg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bluetooth<\/strong> allows data transmission up to 400 meters at speeds up to 2 Mbit\/s using radio waves. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bluetooth\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bluetooth<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1AZtYwscOtPBgMPjsCMXqYWFQXbLF0ZT0Lm8I6JWOofM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Bluetooth Low Energy<\/strong> allows data transmission up to 100 meters at speeds up to 2 Mbit\/s using radio waves. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Bluetooth_Low_Energy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Bluetooth Low Energy<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1dikPiveli-o-OXc5gFJFq8pYZhqUEJZziUIW0Rtejao\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>LoRa<\/strong> allows data transmission up to 15 km at speeds up to 27 kbit\/s using radio waves. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LoRa\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LoRa<\/a> <span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\"><em>[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1mOTmmmaJWJHujat6te9y-CB3KcDP5Fsp63gwZki4DBQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/em><\/span>.<\/p>\n<p>There are also networks: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Near_field_communication\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NFC<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/17h_juD1vDyqxuzkyAHZebm3Xx8PLsRDUo4pF5JzMDD4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radio-frequency_identification\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RFID<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-4gLlpb9F_2AZWKplXan6swHm-zcXkDB-A71iIPyRzw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Z-Wave\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Z-Wave<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Jv-0WufPiqdadaHa8Tj_K2nMqI1zqUZg3l_Z2ZEOQxU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/LPWAN\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">LPWAN<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1fl1HxYEdRfBvwSJOVbRGF2VquO81e0JDK7y_LASqxco\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, Sigfox, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NB-IoT\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NB-IoT<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Xua_rfZ6ERBPflnLie7IbxogykoCFQcP3zWT-ndYmpk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, Weightless, RPMA, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Very-small-aperture_terminal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">VSAT<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/15h3GFIkpfzFkTi4-e-zcAQGvrUi94yGEAOGeXigbvjI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, and others.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_7 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h2 id=\"isolated-networks\">Isolated networks<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_8 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>When an electronic device (observation or stimulation element) or network is isolated, this is called an air gap. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Air_gap_(networking)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Air gap (networking)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1MCQV2SkF7iDHgHmStDI1tlMUBMcigE3dbklSOXdHe5A\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>In an isolated network, data delivery is ensured by:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li>Listening to sound waves;<\/li>\n<li>Listening to electromagnetic radiation;<\/li>\n<li>USB device.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Listening to sound waves<\/strong> of an isolated electronic device (observation\/stimulation element) with other electronic devices (observation\/stimulation elements) allows data capture and transmission via sound waves over distances up to 150 meters at speeds of 1 kbit\/s. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Acoustic_cryptanalysis\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Acoustic cryptanalysis<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-I43cA_Vw5yxmc1xPUxRMgt_EWl9fwlwLF8KmbzcYVY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/BadBIOS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BadBIOS<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1_F8nbPTY-za4LiW9nkMGICCQV_BOFshLL2xSjO4I3Zo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em> (possibly an embedded BIOS function). IEEE article: <a href=\"https:\/\/innovationatwork.ieee.org\/transferring-data-over-sound\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Transferring Data Over Sound - IEEE Innovation at Work<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1NR2MtlUtlQuT8L0tTl4f4BKnb9D-B4PU23spVwlrI1Y\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Scientific article: <a href=\"http:\/\/www.jocm.us\/uploadfile\/2013\/1125\/20131125103803901.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">On Covert Acoustical Mesh Networks in Air<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PWO1t-6G8ms9gREa091aLTBbbW5eTu6BQ-8dN5yFS3E\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Technologies: <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220524184256\/https:\/\/www.sonarax.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonarax<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/11LlryGW1LbjaK7IuXNaIx1iuIVVoo1Jod0UO1bb5AbQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/wi-us.eu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Stimshop<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1deDEk3jI7RopDDWUdfm7AtLSFDWysYVsrViKDqncCGw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Listening to electromagnetic radiation<\/strong> of an isolated electronic device (observation\/stimulation element) with other electronic devices (observation\/stimulation elements) allows data capture and transmission at speeds up to 40 Gbit\/s using radio waves. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electromagnetic_attack\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Electromagnetic attack<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1gR5gZpHniFK56d3JJ1ZYDGFH2FohS8blX3x9YlQjoA0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Van_Eck_phreaking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Van Eck phreaking<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PtWMESsRVgY0r5aHKu-uuqt0rOvsdHKq0eyWlXKpHzo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radiation_intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Radiation intelligence<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1x0IfaLYEurn3j64qM2-cC1EqsS5pYZDbjt3Ryg45hLg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tempest_(codename)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tempest (codename)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PGYuwaBLXeaifOaekK7hEvtB-Qu2hSoNI2nVzQzogdQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Scientific articles: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cl.cam.ac.uk\/~mgk25\/ih98-tempest.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Soft Tempest: Hidden Data Transmission Using Electromagnetic Emanations<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1_9G48HfOOJ1rePK0St_BmiDGy8jS6CcfKEwMRJ-m8AI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.usenix.org\/conference\/usenixsecurity15\/technical-sessions\/presentation\/guri\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GSMem: Data Exfiltration from Air-Gapped Computers over GSM Frequencies<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ezq45sNMfEi5adY97BNcJiVKhg7L2Tjiboh2R72DtCY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Video demonstration: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mcV6izFG3vQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TEMPEST - BBC report on Van Eck Phreaking<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1dlAukf94fD9VaE4oM5UFtYjn1HN8jR3_j79M-yhkXFk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>USB device<\/strong> connected to an isolated electronic device (observation\/stimulation element) allows data capture and transmission at speeds up to 40 Gbit\/s using radio waves or cellular network (depending on the connected USB device and installed software). Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/USB\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">USB<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1h8XPXhef9Xdl22gHqozkdXO1kmD2kXMC-g0wNuH-I8I\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Side-channel_attack\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Side-channel attack<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1q69P2VPMIzWiyZ052YfyJ9X2VQGu8ID7E5LPu2zyEVI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Some capabilities for data capture and transmission to\/from isolated networks can be explored on the Advanced Cybersecurity Research Laboratory website: <a href=\"https:\/\/cyber.bgu.ac.il\/advanced-cyber\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Advanced Cybersecurity Research Laboratory<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ew9iIytNhjmvdBvgxcOgi2olVUKIXhx1Ua36XPYbnF8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>; <a href=\"https:\/\/cyber.bgu.ac.il\/advanced-cyber\/airgap\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Air Gap attack research page<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Cv7eBth_hSbgdm0y-WGALFrvZW4ZrKexPspu-ODvzs4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_7 et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_5 et-last-child et_flex_column et_pb_column_empty et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2918,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3857","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3857","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3857"}],"version-history":[{"count":26,"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3857\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9448,"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3857\/revisions\/9448"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2918"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3857"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}