{"id":3234,"date":"2025-09-05T18:33:05","date_gmt":"2025-09-05T16:33:05","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/?page_id=3234"},"modified":"2026-05-06T00:41:11","modified_gmt":"2026-05-05T22:41:11","slug":"observation-elements","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/observation-elements\/","title":{"rendered":"\u042d\u043b\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"et_pb_section_0 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_block_section preset--module--divi-section--r8sdbfu0jf\"><div class=\"et_pb_row_0 et_pb_row et_block_row\"><div class=\"et_pb_column_0 et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et-last-child et_block_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><div class=\"et_pb_menu_0 et_pb_menu et_pb_menu--without-logo et_pb_menu--style-left_aligned et_dropdown_animation_fade et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_text_align_right et_pb_text_align_right-tablet et_pb_text_align_right-phone et_pb_module et_block_module preset--module--divi-menu--3uv4pj3yk3\"><div class=\"et_pb_menu_inner_container\"><div class=\"et_pb_menu__wrap\"><div class=\"et_pb_menu__menu\"><nav class=\"et-menu-nav\"><ul id=\"menu-%d1%81%d0%b8%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b5%d0%bc%d0%b0-%d0%b2%d0%be%d0%b7%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%b9%d1%81%d1%82%d0%b2%d0%b8%d1%8f-%d0%bc%d0%b0%d1%82%d0%b5%d1%80%d0%b8%d0%b0%d0%bb%d1%8b\" class=\"et-menu nav downwards\"><li id=\"menu-item-3113\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-2918 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-has-children menu-item-3113\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/\">Impact system<\/a>\n<ul class=\"sub-menu\">\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-3238\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3234 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3238\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/observation-elements\/\">Observation elements<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-3800\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3796 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3800\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/equipment-for-data-access\/\">Access equipment<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-3826\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3808 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3826\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/signal-generator\/\">Signal generator<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-3850\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3829 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3850\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/stimulation-elements\/\">Stimulation elements<\/a><\/li>\n\t<li id=\"menu-item-3869\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3857 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3869\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/combined-network\/\">Combined network<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3888\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3872 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3888\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/confidentiality-system\/\">Confidentiality system<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3912\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3904 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3912\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/operating-principle\/\">Operating principle<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3911\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3906 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3911\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/environment-change\/\">Environment change<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3910\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3908 menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-3910\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/complex-model\/impact-system\/stimulation-mechanism\/\">Stimulation mechanism<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/nav><\/div><div class=\"et_mobile_nav_menu\"><div class=\"mobile_nav closed\"><span class=\"mobile_menu_bar\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_section_1 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_flex_section\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_row_1 et_pb_row et_block_row\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_1 et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_5 et_flex_column et_pb_column_empty et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_2 et_pb_column et_pb_column_3_5 et_flex_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_0 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h1 id=\"observation-elements\">Observation elements<\/h1>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_1 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Capture data from the environment.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_3 et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_5 et-last-child et_flex_column et_pb_column_empty et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_section_2 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_block_section\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_row_2 et_pb_row et_block_row\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_4 et_pb_column et_pb_column_4_4 et-last-child et_block_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_menu_1 et_pb_menu et_pb_menu--without-logo et_pb_menu--style-left_aligned et_dropdown_animation_fade et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_text_align_left et_pb_text_align_right-tablet et_pb_text_align_right-phone et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_menu_inner_container\"><div class=\"et_pb_menu__wrap\"><div class=\"et_pb_menu__menu\"><nav class=\"et-menu-nav\"><ul id=\"menu-%d1%8d%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bc%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%82%d1%8b-%d0%bd%d0%b0%d0%b1%d0%bb%d1%8e%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f\" class=\"et-menu nav downwards\"><li id=\"menu-item-3239\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3239 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3239\"><a href=\"#microprocessors\">Microprocessors<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3240\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3240 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3240\"><a href=\"#electronic-devices\">Electronic devices<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-3794\" class=\"et_pb_menu_page_id-3794 menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3794\"><a href=\"#software\">Software<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/nav><\/div><div class=\"et_mobile_nav_menu\"><div class=\"mobile_nav closed\"><span class=\"mobile_menu_bar\"><\/span><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_section_3 et_pb_section et_section_regular et_flex_section\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_row_3 et_pb_row et_pb_gutters3 et_block_row\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_5 et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_5 et_flex_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_sidebar_0 et_pb_widget_area clearfix et_pb_widget_area_left et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_sidebar_no_border et_pb_module et_flex_module preset--module--divi-sidebar--si8bosn29v\"><div id=\"nav_menu-5\" class=\"et_pb_widget widget_nav_menu et_flex_column et_flex_column_24_24\"><div class=\"menu-%d1%8d%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bc%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%82%d1%8b-%d0%bd%d0%b0%d0%b1%d0%bb%d1%8e%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f-container\"><ul id=\"menu-%d1%8d%d0%bb%d0%b5%d0%bc%d0%b5%d0%bd%d1%82%d1%8b-%d0%bd%d0%b0%d0%b1%d0%bb%d1%8e%d0%b4%d0%b5%d0%bd%d0%b8%d1%8f-1\" class=\"menu\"><li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3239\"><a href=\"#microprocessors\">Microprocessors<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3240\"><a href=\"#electronic-devices\">Electronic devices<\/a><\/li>\n<li class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-3794\"><a href=\"#software\">Software<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_6 et_pb_column et_pb_column_3_5 et_flex_column et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\">\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_2 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Observation element<\/strong> is an electronic device with software containing a mechanism for data capture. The observation element operates continuously.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Purpose of the observation element<\/strong>: to capture and transmit data.<\/p>\n<p><strong>3 access levels<\/strong> to the observation element:<\/p>\n<ol>\n<li>Microprocessor;<\/li>\n<li>Electronic device;<\/li>\n<li>Software.<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n<p>Data transmission occurs over a combined network (see the section \"Combined Network\" for details).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_3 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h2 id=\"microprocessors\">Microprocessors<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_4 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Any electronic device containing an Intel or AMD microprocessor becomes an observation element (other microprocessor manufacturers may also embed backdoors: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Backdoor_(computing)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Backdoor (computing)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1tT54yYQyms_MozXvTdAgS9Oh_i5t_znwBnYMxZWEUaE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>).<\/p>\n<p>A microprocessor is a computer processor where the logic for data processing and control is integrated into a single integrated circuit or set of integrated circuits. The microprocessor is controlled by embedded software (firmware). Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microprocessor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microprocessor<\/a> <span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\"><em>[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1hNOoyu-ts9WtSUjnIxgFFxTEGEdJSNLTVLkSDpzvxyg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/em><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_0 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1-observation-elements-microprocessors.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Intel, AMD, Texas Instruments.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1-observation-elements-microprocessors.png\" width=\"1056\" height=\"248\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1-observation-elements-microprocessors.png 1056w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1-observation-elements-microprocessors-980x230.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/1-observation-elements-microprocessors-480x113.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1056px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3684\" alt=\"\u041c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Intel, AMD, Texas Instruments.\" title=\"1-observation-elements-microprocessors\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_5 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Microprocessors from manufacturers (left to right): Intel, AMD, Texas Instruments.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_6 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Manufacturers embed microprocessors with software into smartphones, tablets, laptops, computers, modems, robots, household appliances, toys, security systems, pacemakers, TVs, digital watches, and other electronic devices.<\/p>\n<p>Microprocessors are standalone microcomputers inside electronic devices that can be controlled remotely. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embedded_software\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Embedded software<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ziqByYuH8rR4dxWUv5xY8Q_XaAWGN0fsLdPV3KKM57Q\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Patent reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US6735630B1\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US6735630B1 - Method for collecting data using compact internetworked wireless integrated network sensors (WINS)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/13TjtqtXLpU-q1heD0H0293zCfX98_NQnodSgq8VS7WA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_7 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Intel Management Engine<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_8 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Intel Management Engine<\/strong> is an autonomous subsystem embedded in all Intel microprocessors since 2008.<\/p>\n<p>Intel Management Engine operates continuously while the motherboard is powered (even if the computer is off). Intel ME has access to all top-level devices and completely bypasses the operating system. Intel ME has its own MAC and IP addresses with direct Ethernet access (part of the Ethernet traffic is redirected to Intel ME before reaching the operating system). Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intel_Management_Engine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Intel Management Engine<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1u2aO8g-cbq3CzulL9lQpRCkg5jcwKLgiOqSDzahqV04\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_1 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/2-observation-elements-intel-microprocessor.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 Intel.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/2-observation-elements-intel-microprocessor.png\" width=\"1202\" height=\"676\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/2-observation-elements-intel-microprocessor.png 1202w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/2-observation-elements-intel-microprocessor-980x551.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/2-observation-elements-intel-microprocessor-480x270.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1202px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3685\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 Intel.\" title=\"2-observation-elements-intel-microprocessor\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_9 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Intel processor.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_10 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Intel Management Engine is considered a backdoor by many recognized experts (not to be confused with Intel Active Management, reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intel_Active_Management_Technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Intel Active Management Technology<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1UlOiFGA083XdJSpT6yMn8jJ9beM0bdDbnmU2-Tej5JM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>), as it has built-in full access to device memory, display, input devices, and TCP\/IP stack. This means Intel ME has access to all files, display information, keyboard input, and network packet exchange (bypassing the operating system and its firewall).<\/p>\n<p>Intel Management Engine leaves no traces of remote intervention on the device. Moreover, Intel ME cannot be turned off. When Intel AMT is disabled, Intel ME continues to operate.<\/p>\n<p>However, researchers have discovered an undocumented way to disable Intel Management Engine called High Assurance Platform (HAP). This method involves setting a special HAP bit that puts Intel ME into shutdown mode at an early boot stage. High Assurance Platform is a program associated with the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA). Reference article: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.csoonline.com\/article\/3220476\/researchers-say-now-you-too-can-disable-intel-me-backdoor-thanks-to-the-nsa.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Now you, too, can disable Intel ME \u2018backdoor\u2019 thanks to the NSA<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1qLmcMWLDo3A2sXVCyoM9pY4HUY8z5mZtMze8alR6ATM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Presentation describing the program: <a href=\"https:\/\/fm.csl.sri.com\/LAW\/2009\/dobry-law09-HAP-Challenges.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">High Assurance Platform (HAP) High Assurance Challenges<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1pqyjc0s4wCV86mh5lI3trXthdnzuT1pFXg6CJvU5v0E\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Intel has provided only general information about Intel Management Engine:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/support\/articles\/000008927\/software\/chipset-software.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is Intel\u00ae Management Engine?<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1VX_FkrkPp3ft-qe7ESOnR7GUy2my6n7aI0KpSHE2TFc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/support\/articles\/000031784\/technologies.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Intel\u00ae Active Management Technology (Intel\u00ae AMT) and Intel\u00ae Converged Security and Management Engine (Intel\u00ae CSME) Security Updates<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1WBVGXD-2uoOUd6AmV1iP_A2KO4oZgWmbofJRyx5jP1E\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/support\/articles\/000005974\/software\/chipset-software.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Frequently Asked Questions for the Intel\u00ae Management Engine Verification Utility<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1yDOCdXBV-Ak5_5DDAKUc-M0p_6wAjePDM2MWuI--ir0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em> (this information rather confirms that Intel ME is a backdoor).<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Despite expert inquiries, Intel has yet to provide comprehensive information on Intel ME's internal workings.<\/p>\n<p>Intel Management Engine is a small black box; only Intel knows what's inside. A similar subsystem exists at AMD.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_11 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>AMD Platform Security Processor<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_12 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>AMD Platform Security Processor<\/strong> is a subsystem embedded in AMD microprocessors since 2013.<\/p>\n<p>AMD PSP is functionally equivalent to Intel Management Engine (only slightly different: <a href=\"https:\/\/news.ycombinator.com\/item?id=23597652\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AMD does have a similar backdoor, called the PSP<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1qEBxBbpTQL6BFjxe_66FHgHqB6EkH6q0TGAqWHLzSwY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>), thus it has hidden access to nearly all parts of the electronic device it is inside. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AMD_Platform_Security_Processor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AMD Platform Security Processor<\/a> <span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\"><em>[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1K8MCuMvIeFYjaSyI1OyNHgdZOurKGvcBhJlufgKk31g\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/em><\/span>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_2 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/3-observation-elements-amd-microprocessor.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 AMD.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/3-observation-elements-amd-microprocessor.png\" width=\"1202\" height=\"676\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/3-observation-elements-amd-microprocessor.png 1202w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/3-observation-elements-amd-microprocessor-980x551.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/3-observation-elements-amd-microprocessor-480x270.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1202px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3686\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441\u043e\u0440 AMD.\" title=\"3-observation-elements-amd-microprocessor\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_13 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>AMD processor.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_14 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Independent researchers requested AMD to open the source code of the AMD Platform Security Processor but were denied.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_15 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Others<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_16 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>There are microprocessors from other manufacturers, less popular and less studied, but with similar subsystems. Microprocessors from various manufacturers are embedded in more than 90% of all electronic devices. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_microprocessors\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">List of microprocessors<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1WvdSQu27akKBdGgeBN8yk-Ep2r9K9P4jjQgz-yrp_bQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Other undocumented technologies provide unauthorized access to devices. References to known examples: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ptsecurity.com\/ww-en\/about\/news\/positive-technologies-found-an-undocumented-technology-in-intel-microchips\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Positive Technologies found an undocumented technology in Intel microchips<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1wB_brVS6YZG9CXggHbFBMk12hIEoO7ov6CfGxtU2IsU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Itml4Om5Q3Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Intel VISA: Through the Rabbit Hole \/\/ Mark Ermolov Maxim Goryachy ENG<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1FpvARsxkYnK_IS54NM4eVJ9isz4KgzwksU_2GvAe6po\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/i.blackhat.com\/asia-19\/Thu-March-28\/bh-asia-Goryachy-Ermolov-Intel-Visa-Through-the-Rabbit-Hole.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Intel VISA: Through the Rabbit Hole<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1e08p4V_w3JmlnDwrM15nTOxs3IUmn-q6CJkntECxyDs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Additionally, microprocessors have vulnerabilities. References to known examples: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Transient_execution_CPU_vulnerability\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Transient execution CPU vulnerability<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/11PvsazeRyzlTe5cxP8o6VvjEBGqCs-c50eo7lEoXo7c\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/meltdownattack.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Meltdown and Spectre<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1mvFvIMQuUHp1bwvyjjd9nLt1L1rMaEn1ye-nJDyM0FM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_17 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h2 id=\"electronic-devices\">Electronic devices<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_18 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Electronic device<\/strong> is a device made up of electronic components for converting electromagnetic energy into useful functions. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%AD%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%BE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Electrical device<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vxtLCph75BjKGBiw7s9tz_ky_XEdeVT9SKpwyyiUVZc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smart_device\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smart device<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PmYYe0H9r_LZZOTLotnTcN3e0K7SQgm99EG6vp5PhKw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Every electronic device that has a mechanism for data capture and transmission is an electronic observation element.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_19 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Satellites<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_20 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Satellite<\/strong> (artificial satellite) is an aggregate of electronic devices launched into Earth orbit to capture data from the Earth's surface (or from outer space) using remote sensing, autonomous geospatial positioning, and to retransmit modulated signals. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satellite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Satellite<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Rws7ie8pWYeWRBq_am800oxl5byeybiPemm6sx6YdqY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_3 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/4-observation-elements-satellites.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/4-observation-elements-satellites.png\" width=\"878\" height=\"626\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/4-observation-elements-satellites.png 878w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/4-observation-elements-satellites-480x342.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 878px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3687\" alt=\"\u0421\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0432\u044b\u0441\u043e\u043a\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u043b \u0421\u0428\u0410 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043f\u0430\u0441\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0421\u043e\u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0428\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043e\u044e\u0437\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d.\" title=\"4-observation-elements-satellites\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_21 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>The U.S. Space Force\u2019s super high-frequency communications satellite provides secure communications for the United States and allied countries.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_22 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Satellites also <strong>transmit modulated electromagnetic fields<\/strong> filling space, through which passive radars capture data about living and nonliving objects (more details in the \"Radars\" section).<\/p>\n<p>There are over 7.5 thousand active satellites in Earth orbit serving various purposes (the number constantly changes). Reference publication: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ucsusa.org\/resources\/satellite-database\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UCS Satellite Database<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1x3PpSlMRHdccUAzll6IqjCYbdEVOYej345FthcPvSXY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_4 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/5-observation-elements-satellite-explorer.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 4 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 TLE (\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430). \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 Esri \u0432 \u0420\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0441\u0435, \u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/5-observation-elements-satellite-explorer.png\" width=\"1202\" height=\"678\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/5-observation-elements-satellite-explorer.png 1202w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/5-observation-elements-satellite-explorer-980x553.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/5-observation-elements-satellite-explorer-480x271.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1202px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3688\" alt=\"\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0442\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 4 \u0442\u044b\u0441\u044f\u0447 \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0443\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 TLE (\u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u043e\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f 1 \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0442\u044f\u0431\u0440\u044f 2022 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430). \u041f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043b\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0438 Esri \u0432 \u0420\u0435\u0434\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0441\u0435, \u041a\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0438\u044f.\" title=\"5-observation-elements-satellite-explorer\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_23 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>An interactive map displays over 4,000 active satellites matched with TLE data (last updated September 1, 2022). The application was developed in the Esri lab in Redlands, California. Link to the application: <a href=\"https:\/\/geoxc-apps.bd.esri.com\/space\/satellite-explorer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Satellite explorer (Esri)<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1oA4srnPrWoJfCvUrp2eEcpFT2CfhegitHdPS4WvAlbM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_24 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>EO satellite<\/strong> is an Earth observation satellite used for creating satellite images (similar to aerial photographs). Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Earth_observation_satellite\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Earth observation satellite<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1mdL2Z0vgHyIZKxqkvjxKekL2OOBzWa_MVe_L2LDMA_k\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_5 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/6-observation-elements-eo-satellite-images.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 EO (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): MV Rubymar, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432-\u0445\u0443\u0441\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0441); \u0432\u0443\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d \u041f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0442\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u0435; \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0414\u0443\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0424\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0427\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0436\u0430; \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u041b\u0430\u0441-\u0412\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0441\u0430, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d-\u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044b-1.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/6-observation-elements-eo-satellite-images.png\" width=\"1180\" height=\"690\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/6-observation-elements-eo-satellite-images.png 1180w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/6-observation-elements-eo-satellite-images-980x573.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/6-observation-elements-eo-satellite-images-480x281.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1180px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3689\" alt=\"\u0421\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 EO (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): MV Rubymar, \u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0443\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0439 \u0432 \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u043e\u043c \u043c\u043e\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0431\u043e\u0435\u0432\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432-\u0445\u0443\u0441\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0436\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0432\u044b\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0439 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b \u043d\u043e\u0441); \u0432\u0443\u043b\u043a\u0430\u043d \u041f\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043f\u0435\u0442\u043b\u044c \u0432 \u041c\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u0435; \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440 \u0414\u0443\u0431\u0430\u044f \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u0424\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0427\u0435\u043b\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0434\u0436\u0430; \u0443\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043a \u041b\u0430\u0441-\u0412\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0441\u0430, \u043d\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043e\u043c \u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0430 \u0433\u0440\u0430\u043d-\u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0424\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044b-1.\" title=\"6-observation-elements-eo-satellite-images\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_25 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>EO satellite images (left to right top to bottom): MV Rubymar, sunk in the Red Sea after an attack by Houthi militants (also showing the bow sticking out of the water); Popocat\u00e9petl volcano in Mexico; Dubai center during the Fitness Challenge; part of Las Vegas with the visible Formula 1 Grand Prix track. Manufacturer\u2019s site: <a href=\"https:\/\/blacksky.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BlackSky<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1HOsPOP3GZY7c-7ymSVpA6QX6EoLqAdpq8GcK3npqLmo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_26 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>SAR satellite<\/strong> is a satellite with synthetic aperture radar used for creating two-dimensional images and three-dimensional reconstructions of objects (even through clouds). References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/SAR-Lupe\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SAR-Lupe<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Asg4hZwle4EW-2srfu2SGNzKXok-_GbvzDr6_fEm6hg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Synthetic-aperture_radar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Synthetic-aperture radar<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1FnOWVaezwRS3XCq_TOr9NyAEH_lOjAgDw8LqjurNP1I\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Video by Scott Manley: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=u2bUKEi9It4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Satellites Use 'This Weird Trick' To See More Than They Should - Synthetic Aperture Radar Explained<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1nrmDXG2NsnJEYveulAR7B6MSR3wfGEHp0vt_lI_A04I\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_6 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/7-observation-elements-sar-satellite-images.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 SAR (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u0433\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044c \u0411\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u044d\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0441\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0434-\u0414\u0436\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043d \u0432 \u0410\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432; \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u044b McDonnell Douglas MD-80 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b Airbus A300-600R \u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0437\u0443\u044d\u043b\u043b\u0430, \u041d\u044c\u044e-\u041c\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u043e; \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434 ExxonMobil \u0432 \u0421\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044f\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/7-observation-elements-sar-satellite-images.png\" width=\"1190\" height=\"710\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/7-observation-elements-sar-satellite-images.png 1190w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/7-observation-elements-sar-satellite-images-980x585.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/7-observation-elements-sar-satellite-images-480x286.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1190px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3690\" alt=\"\u0421\u043d\u0438\u043c\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 SAR (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u0433\u0430\u0432\u0430\u043d\u044c \u0411\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043d\u0430; \u043c\u0435\u0436\u0434\u0443\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0430\u044d\u0440\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442 \u0425\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0441\u0444\u0438\u043b\u0434-\u0414\u0436\u0435\u043a\u0441\u043e\u043d \u0432 \u0410\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435 \u0441 \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u043c \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432; \u0441\u0430\u043c\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0442\u044b McDonnell Douglas MD-80 \u0438 \u0440\u0435\u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043b\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b Airbus A300-600R \u0432 \u0430\u0432\u0438\u0430\u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u0420\u043e\u0437\u0443\u044d\u043b\u043b\u0430, \u041d\u044c\u044e-\u041c\u0435\u043a\u0441\u0438\u043a\u043e; \u0445\u0438\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0432\u043e\u0434 ExxonMobil \u0432 \u0421\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430\u043f\u0443\u0440\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0448\u0432\u0430\u0440\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043d\u0435\u0444\u0442\u044f\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0435\u0440\u043e\u043c.\" title=\"7-observation-elements-sar-satellite-images\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_27 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>SAR satellite images (left to right top to bottom): Boston harbor; Hartsfield-Jackson Atlanta International Airport with color-coded vehicle traffic; McDonnell Douglas MD-80 planes and Airbus A300-600R jets at Roswell Air Center, New Mexico; ExxonMobil chemical plant in Singapore with a moored oil tanker. Manufacturer\u2019s site: <a href=\"https:\/\/capellaspace.com\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Capella Space<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1YgVbQ0NxXGTJRE9-gG76mvL5YtzdiZ4fzTFIG1g5GVQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_28 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>GNSS satellite<\/strong> is an autonomous geospatial positioning satellite used to determine the location, speed, and direction of a signal receiver. Such satellites are united into global navigation satellite systems: GPS, Galileo, GLONASS, BeiDou, IRNSS, QZSS. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Satellite_navigation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Satellite navigation<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/12p9UbZJJkDv1bG-Z88bH6tuLRADa_87R1XIbOukiXYc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. U.S. government site on the global positioning system: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gps.gov\/systems\/gnss\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GPS.gov: Other Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/14kZmMviCXjBzysREIWUAaaWc9WBNtM7KaR3-IvbM4Ao\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_7 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/8-observation-elements-gnss-derived-trajectory.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0422\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 GNSS.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/8-observation-elements-gnss-derived-trajectory.png\" width=\"1204\" height=\"580\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/8-observation-elements-gnss-derived-trajectory.png 1204w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/8-observation-elements-gnss-derived-trajectory-980x472.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/8-observation-elements-gnss-derived-trajectory-480x231.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1204px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3691\" alt=\"\u0422\u0440\u0430\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043f\u043e\u0437\u0438\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438 \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 GNSS.\" title=\"8-observation-elements-gnss-derived-trajectory\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_29 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Trajectory obtained via positioning using GNSS data.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_30 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>COMINT satellite<\/strong> is a satellite for intercepting communication electromagnetic emissions used for eavesdropping on text and voice messages. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Signals_intelligence#Communications_intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Signals intelligence<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1R86XVgVaeZ_qPys9Lyz-E85Zw4Z1GDeAS5N1EIxfy6A\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Canyon_(satellite)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Canyon (satellite)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1T6m1YFmnSSb0k77_TAO1EYrY3sg8W-HMGSMId_FgNNE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_8 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/9-observation-elements-satellite-comint-interface-blackrock.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 BlackRock\u2122, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f COMINT-\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 100 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/9-observation-elements-satellite-comint-interface-blackrock.png\" width=\"598\" height=\"336\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/9-observation-elements-satellite-comint-interface-blackrock.png 598w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/9-observation-elements-satellite-comint-interface-blackrock-480x270.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 598px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3692\" alt=\"\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 BlackRock\u2122, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u043b\u044f COMINT-\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 100 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e \u043f\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0438\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432.\" title=\"9-observation-elements-satellite-comint-interface-blackrock\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_31 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Interface of the BlackRock\u2122 workstation used for COMINT processing of over 100 simultaneous signals. Manufacturer\u2019s materials: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.l3harris.com\/sites\/default\/files\/2022-07\/L3Harris-SellSheet-Blackrock-COMINT.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BLACKROCK\u2122 Communications Intelligence System<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Vjgsb0VLdXsrBaqyLkj5csZhyuZx6Vmj3ClMiDO8euk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_32 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>ELINT satellite<\/strong> is a satellite detecting non-communication electromagnetic emissions used to create a map of electromagnetic fields. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Signals_intelligence#Electronic_signals_intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Signals intelligence<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1_TS4Mrm0yqLMHLaz77P_umyUy0fGiIgNt8_BMHnub88\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Manufacturer\u2019s site for satellites: <a href=\"https:\/\/alen.space\/small-satellites-for-surveillance\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Satellite constellations for spectrum monitoring<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1kSvqFq8xofDTS9YuMTRRIQWsBel0an52jghEODbiQTo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_9 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10-observation-elements-elint-satellite-electromagnetic-radiation-map.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c HawkEye 360 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 Pathfinder (\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 11 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430 2019 \u0433\u043e\u0434).\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10-observation-elements-elint-satellite-electromagnetic-radiation-map.png\" width=\"1202\" height=\"504\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10-observation-elements-elint-satellite-electromagnetic-radiation-map.png 1202w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10-observation-elements-elint-satellite-electromagnetic-radiation-map-980x411.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/10-observation-elements-elint-satellite-electromagnetic-radiation-map-480x201.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1202px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3693\" alt=\"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438\u0437\u043b\u0443\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c HawkEye 360 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0441\u043f\u0443\u0442\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 Pathfinder (\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 11 \u043c\u0438\u043b\u043b\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0433\u043d\u0430\u043b\u043e\u0432 \u0437\u0430 2019 \u0433\u043e\u0434).\" title=\"10-observation-elements-elint-satellite-electromagnetic-radiation-map\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_33 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>An electromagnetic emission map compiled by HawkEye 360 software using Pathfinder satellites (over 11 million signals in 2019). Manufacturer\u2019s site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.he360.com\/one-year-anniversary-of-pathfinder-commissioning\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HawkEye360: One-year anniversary of pathfinder commissioning<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1L_SMp1bDddDRalhCFucj09dGTJUGm1Rgap5wQFJyOl8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_34 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>EO, SAR, GNSS, COMINT, and ELINT satellites are sufficient to capture the required volume of data for overall situational awareness, but other satellites also exist.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_35 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Radars<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_36 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Radar<\/strong> is an aggregate of electronic devices that uses a modulated electromagnetic field to capture data about distance, direction, speed, and geometric parameters of living objects, technical devices, electronic devices, as well as terrain relief and meteorological formations at distances up to 5500 km. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Radar<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1VtQ5n6b8bEDswMotKyRnv6JdB3R5J8mbVhxHNpeSmSU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_radar_types\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">List of radar types<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/18hG_ugkL5khjSzzi8cCQ0V4J1nyrs25ndRKc-2elA0U\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_10 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/11-observation-elements-radars.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440 C-\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e 3 \u043c\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u0441 50-\u0444\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u041c\u0421 \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430 OU-PRIME.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/11-observation-elements-radars.png\" width=\"1186\" height=\"1254\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/11-observation-elements-radars.png 1186w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/11-observation-elements-radars-980x1036.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/11-observation-elements-radars-480x508.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1186px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3694\" alt=\"\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440 C-\u0434\u0438\u0430\u043f\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430 \u043c\u043e\u0449\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c\u044e 3 \u043c\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0442\u0430 \u0441 50-\u0444\u0443\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u0430\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u0434\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0434\u0435\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0438\u044f, \u0438\u0441\u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u0443\u0435\u043c\u0430\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u0441\u043c\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043b\u043b\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u043c\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u043a\u0435\u0442\u0430\u043c\u0438; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0430\u0435\u043c\u043e\u0439 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u043e\u0440\u0438\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0412\u041c\u0421 \u0421\u0428\u0410; \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0441\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430 OU-PRIME.\" title=\"11-observation-elements-radars\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_37 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Radars (left to right top to bottom): C-band radar with 3-megawatt power and a 50-foot parabolic antenna; long-range radar antenna used for tracking space objects and ballistic missiles; antenna of the US Navy mobile over-the-horizon radar station; antenna of the OU-PRIME research polarimetric radar.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_38 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Compact<\/strong> (active) radar is a small radar system with a wide coverage area, allowing the capture of data about living and nonliving ground, surface, and flying objects at distances up to 3500 meters. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Compact_surveillance_radar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Compact surveillance radar<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vKlgL06L8UA0CCjhXXuiN93CY8At7M0Z4vP8AXS2lYM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_11 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/12-observation-elements-compact-radars-magos.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b Magos \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 800 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 1000 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/12-observation-elements-compact-radars-magos.png\" width=\"1198\" height=\"644\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/12-observation-elements-compact-radars-magos.png 1198w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/12-observation-elements-compact-radars-magos-980x527.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/12-observation-elements-compact-radars-magos-480x258.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1198px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3696\" alt=\"\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u044b Magos \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 800 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0441\u0442\u0432 \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 1000 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u0432 \u043b\u044e\u0431\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u0437\u0430\u0433\u0440\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0436\u0434\u0451\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0443\u0441\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u044f\u0445.\" title=\"12-observation-elements-compact-radars-magos\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_39 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Magos compact radars provide detection of living objects up to 800 meters and vehicles up to 1000 meters in any weather and cluttered conditions. Manufacturer\u2019s website: <a href=\"https:\/\/magossystems.com\/radars\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Magos Radars<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1uCaJqto2EteJzEW4c-UVBRVNGiDB5ojIWvBeqCwg2O8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_40 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Examples of using Magos compact radars: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jpNOAfS7KCc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Presenting MAGOS Integrated AI Target Classifier<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1IKLqU2_e_wy2Ov0TS9sjbeUT5DbU6dKoT-Iipfd9GQQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Installation examples of Magos compact radars: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FtSFtAN-I1o\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Installation examples<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1DpgHQ1ozTUOBh7nV4Daic4lPS1tBfCUKrLbTA649VE8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_12 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/13-observation-elements-compact-radars-magos-example.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430 Magos.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/13-observation-elements-compact-radars-magos-example.png\" width=\"736\" height=\"1096\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/13-observation-elements-compact-radars-magos-example.png 736w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/13-observation-elements-compact-radars-magos-example-480x715.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 736px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3697\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043a\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u0430 Magos.\" title=\"13-observation-elements-compact-radars-magos-example\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_41 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Example of Magos compact radar deployment.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_42 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Some compact radars <strong>capture data on breathing and heartbeat<\/strong> of living objects in real time. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Continuous-wave_radar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Continuous-wave radar<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1AKkZdcXlUAKnRIW73WsM-WnZTYJtQ34llIXeqrWMaZc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/fr.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MmWave\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MmWave (millimeter waves)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/17zQjNn59H-V4R06qfFmhL6AjKj77dhsz9zF_gDdBkx8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>References to scientific publications and example:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/337272067_Method_for_Distinguishing_Humans_and_Animals_in_Vital_Signs_Monitoring_Using_IR-UWB_Radar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Method for Distinguishing Humans and Animals in Vital Signs Monitoring Using IR-UWB Radar<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1lJClOJuYV9nXylwkpbs7taE4Evv0d6TWlsa9dJw043Q\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/15\/2905\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Through-Wall Multi-Subject Localization and Vital Signs Monitoring Using UWB MIMO Imaging Radar<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Gdl5wpxAkHvjEyIpVo_NIKolbBaDzVfiEwk6-LaRimQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/250949445_Radar_methods_of_detection_of_human_breathing_and_heartbeat\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Radar methods of detection of human breathing and heartbeat<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1YXRenbtOY76hhnpRB5lz3T3bwwE-jcP0OerKM7maMFI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=CYCpf-D4JME\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UWB Radar Sensor Heartbeat &amp; Respiration Check<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1c1W5uLXj0x_E3qPh4jTxy249jXmwDcKI4TER85CuWJo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Patent reference:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/WO2008001092A2\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WO2008001092A2 \u2014 Radar for through wall detection<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Ol0sX_70U-6f7UgRh_iOXkcp2TJMYxDEE0O-G6IPl9o\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Passive radar<\/strong> is a hard-to-detect radar system that evaluates reflections of external electromagnetic field sources (GNSS, television, radio, cellular communication, Wi-Fi) to capture data about living and nonliving ground, surface, and flying objects at distances up to 250 km. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Passive_radar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Passive radar<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1M8mLCFRRsunqC4OECBf95AMP_vax4GAWPPJmjK9lKjY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_13 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/14-observation-elements-hensoldt-passive-radars.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Hensoldt.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/14-observation-elements-hensoldt-passive-radars.png\" width=\"1122\" height=\"774\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/14-observation-elements-hensoldt-passive-radars.png 1122w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/14-observation-elements-hensoldt-passive-radars-980x676.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/14-observation-elements-hensoldt-passive-radars-480x331.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1122px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3698\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432 \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Hensoldt.\" title=\"14-observation-elements-hensoldt-passive-radars\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_43 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Examples of passive radars from Hensoldt. Manufacturer\u2019s website: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hensoldt.net\/products\/radar-iff-and-datalink\/twinvis-passive-radar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Twinvis\u00ae Passive radar Silent surveillance of silent objects<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1O7Ad07irLgavRR4mGPhDcjWkD1Uyux-LPcpbSmWBz8w\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_44 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Video explaining the working principle of Hensoldt passive radar: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RfqdLKFhGnQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HENSOLDT Twinvis Passive Radar \u2013 See without being seen<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1uF7I2l1jUo89xGvkPEt_zow_O7GwunnXUV5G8NrH8zM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>SatCast passive radar<\/strong> (satellite broadcast) uses existing satellite broadcasting networks (GNSS, television, radio) to capture data about nonliving ground, surface, and flying objects.<\/p>\n<p>References to scientific publications:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/13\/19\/3933\/htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BeiDou-Based Passive Radar Vessel Target Detection: Method and Experiment via Long-Time Optimized Integration<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1MpV8ZALsQC2xAjATnZ1xTI7Ax1ofv2aFOK0dMnAUr8s\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/11\/15\/1753\/htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Passive Bistatic Ground-Based Synthetic Aperture Radar: Concept, System, and Experiment Results<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/18MkUU4StsoXyGCXf2lpGGWgOY-T2sbZABP9ySV9j9BQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/12\/18\/3075\/htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Passive Forward-Scattering Radar Using Digital Video Broadcasting Satellite Signal for Drone Detection<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1yG2xOT3QEZgxufQvsPzmmQZpIMBqnD0zobrkV9IhnvM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7038711\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enhanced Passive GNSS-Based Radar Imaging Based on Coherent Integrated Multi-Satellite Signals<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Id7hh6ARdPN5ncUTKy_0lMmC86kJ3I8pgyj0LqSQpuQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Patent references:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/WO2006129306A2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WO2006129306A2 - Passive radar utilizing space-borne digital electromagnetic illuminators<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1leC1H4lVDOmuuH7iUyrMJu5yEs2RBxt4xOO-keEriO0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US20130050024A1\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US20130050024A1 - Bistatic radar system using satellite-based transmitters with ionospheric compensation<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/12xGneWH4rnpY3Xefz2hx5LGeBWihiUDRtpaEht4ay1o\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>TV\/Radio passive radar<\/strong> uses existing broadcasting networks for capturing data on living and nonliving ground, surface, and flying objects.<\/p>\n<p>References to scientific publications:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/document\/4022791\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indoor Human Detection Systems Using VHF-FM and UHF-TV Broadcasting Waves<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PucoNiVO5Z7RThGzx6tgGlvUBVPEbwlW9grQWlh_m6Y\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/328033052_Passive_bistatic_radar_using_digital_video_broadcasting-terrestrial_receivers_as_general-purpose_software-defined_radio_receivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Passive bistatic radar using digital video broadcasting\u2013terrestrial receivers as general-purpose software-defined radio receivers<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ncsbUJZTqm-1xFjZpGP-vPajBXPVt-K0ZOQY049qMp4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/252970955_Multistatic_synthetic_aperture_imaging_of_aircraft_using_reflected_television_signals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Multistatic synthetic aperture imaging of aircraft using reflected television signals<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/18zhAKd83SZe997qu4cCURPpsXW7-u7pFzQZRw6oXIuU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/jmfriedt.free.fr\/Piers2019_fwk.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Passive bistatic radar using digital terrestrial television broadcasting signal for subsurface target detection<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/13v6BByDC9u3dhp3Uk8Eb7b2LUNJzHw4pXE7kXF0Sb2A\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/digital.lib.washington.edu\/researchworks\/handle\/1773\/40042\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">High Speed Passive Radar Receiver with Application to Digital Television Signals<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1mFzxho68z1s_o0KnmnqvEz1chE9NQMKAEgpSPca17do\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/digital.lib.washington.edu\/researchworks\/handle\/1773\/24256\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">High Bandwidth, Multi-Purpose Passive Radar Receiver Design For Aerospace and Geoscience Targets<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1UweEyedVitnuCF4KcxObGDwXB3wRjFLe8w8yvIdGe3I\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/251964559_High_range_resolution_DVB-T_Passive_Radar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) High range resolution DVB-T Passive Radar<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1y8vzWIEbWv0JEdpej9tgl9xE9PD5YBAEr4ty3a-wmF4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/296688934_Experimental_Research_of_Dual-Polarization_Passive_Radar_Based_on_DTTB_Signal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Experimental Research of Dual-Polarization Passive Radar Based on DTTB Signal<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1oDIEwlbIwg43z6QHVOeKA_v1O7h_52ODVrL86kOBU28\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mobileradar.org\/Documents\/Silent_Sentry.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Silent Sentry:Innovative Technology for Passive, Persistent Surveillance<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1_DX8-nuSjSCKP9AzD4QrKBsY_wOM-W0UBsOyRrtMETc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.semanticscholar.org\/paper\/Passive-Radar-using-COFDM-(DAB-or-DVB-T)-as-Dominique\/2b4d792a002daf035d78f9cb813c86ef3e42f922\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[PDF] Passive Radar using COFDM (DAB or DVB-T) Broadcasters as Opportunistic Illuminators<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/10zEEANtwMVwhnTsEjRu0r-NnKTcplUU5-inhunlkt2o\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1049\/el.2017.4204\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Polarisation experimental research of passive radar based on digital television signal<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1WS3pDneMhlaIQrKX7pbLusrNvRKyvgzBSdTAnSpT6dU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/334767841_Experimental_results_of_DTTB-based_passive_radar_with_polarisation_diversity_reception\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Experimental results of DTTB-based passive radar with polarisation diversity reception<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1O8LAi51YYgMFUHPpwtm_urOy_pnG1QtghyT6qhOXvCg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/20\/11\/3270\/htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robust Weighted l 1,2 Norm Filtering in Passive Radar Systems<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/18k7_B3hoCf9eizBdIUbpT70OT_zaLkQYeE0fFaY9MPM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Patent references:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US7859463\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US7859463B2 \u2014 Method of detection in bistatic mode using non-cooperative passive radio transmissions<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-VlM5DqvbyZ-VYRnKpUnT8THWpvWNu6vnAnVI9iRwjg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US8902102B2\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US8902102B2 \u2014 Passive bistatic radar for vehicle sense and avoid<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1xipSegWay0PmMvf654FTTW4tl6HwvyzBtby1GNsauWg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>LTE passive radar<\/strong> (and also GSM, 2G, 3G, 4G, 5G) uses existing LTE cellular networks to capture data about living and nonliving ground, surface, and flying objects.<\/p>\n<p>References to scientific publications:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/353689181_LTE-based_Passive_Radars_and_Applications_A_Review\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) LTE-based Passive Radars and Applications: A Review<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1QDEZcS7nAHAJOFMdmZU5cx6TJaFviI-Xawu4WEbihw0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/287156788_LTE-Based_Passive_Radar_for_Ground_Moving_Target_Detection\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) LTE-Based Passive Radar for Ground Moving Target Detection<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1cThakc30Y4jxcnHC8JM1Am9bZizo5_ChY5WkEUTb2XM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jpier.org\/pierb\/pier.php?paper=15070901\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Moving Target Detection by Using New LTE-Based Passive Radar<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1cDEMIjGjqhXnEadyEgFbb7RwSl-Avgbl7KoWxZaXqnQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ietresearch.onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1049\/iet-rsn.2015.0346\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Experimental investigation on target detection and tracking in passive radar using long\u2010term evolution signal<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1veXvECKL5HrgdpOJl55rX9DEQix1SvWdct0rZo-OF5c\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2072-4292\/14\/4\/1044\/htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Target Detection and DOA Estimation for Passive Bistatic Radar in the Presence of Residual Interference<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1bi2T1HYTud8svEKWGY_kcxRcLlS5OckC_TcnRJF7d-U\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Patent reference:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/CN105676199B\/zh\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CN105676199B \u2014 Single channel LTE radar systems based on communication\/radar integration<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/19Tryke1huCRmgr7DX0wQ-22dfSWTOd0pw3e8QraZ4z0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Wi-Fi passive radar<\/strong> uses existing wireless internet Wi-Fi networks to capture data on living and nonliving ground, surface, and flying objects, as well as for determining body position, gestures, breathing, and heartbeat of living objects (similar impulse radars exist).<\/p>\n<p>References to scientific publications, lectures, and examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220518073333\/https:\/\/www.celeno.com\/wifi-doppler-imaging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Celeno: Wi-Fi Doppler imaging<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1hPKPuPb9bfYEin2jUZqCUp1PusDTKuPpXpH28W9-Zqo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/357773537_A_Lightweight_Passive_Human_Tracking_Method_Using_Wi-Fi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Lightweight Passive Human Tracking Method Using Wi-Fi<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Z4i_fcknKGGTwVJ69yjbmiz2fb8vYhXF6L1iro18iyo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/254037027_Localization_and_tracking_of_moving_targets_with_WiFi-based_passive_radar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Localization and tracking of moving targets with WiFi-based passive radar<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1rVYaReGNff7EEDVyeWffwf3cC6N0u-KyZIIxG6wNDg0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/224258555_Through-The-Wall_Sensing_of_Personnel_Using_Passive_Bistatic_WiFi_Radar_at_Standoff_Distances\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Through-The-Wall Sensing of Personnel Using Passive Bistatic WiFi Radar at Standoff Distances<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Uw33jbLmfJqufOQF8q35AWII0bG-FCRP3owwHVKOgFE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/283649280_A_real-time_high_resolution_passive_WiFi_Doppler-radar_and_its_applications\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A real-time high resolution passive WiFi Doppler-radar and its applications<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1NSKys_lXHQSsajXiteOwYu0X6nFJJ4YgSKK8nEverA8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/315766212_Wireless_Health_Monitoring_using_Passive_WiFi_Sensing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Wireless Health Monitoring using Passive WiFi Sensing<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1kA9XdRxwZuFO9Q4OEkupFtacVDKHawJ-GPC4nm-QryI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/discovery.ucl.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/10103371\/1\/Passive%20WiFi%20Radar%20for%20Human%20Sensing%20Using%20A%20Stand-Alone%20Access%20Point.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Passive WiFi Radar for Human Sensing Using A Stand-Alone Access Point<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ZDGcxNQmf9P7uQkvtqf3VwgUPhfjDQROxXg5Bfc-o4c\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/357733406_Using_Wi-Fi_Signal_as_Sensing_Medium_Passive_Radar_Channel_State_Information_and_Followups\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Using Wi-Fi Signal as Sensing Medium: Passive Radar, Channel State Information and Followups<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1YNGWUnTBGecE7GgfPZ9Yx5EXa9zeqZJRXml0Lh2Le1I\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/339559815_Physical_Activity_Sensing_via_Stand-Alone_WiFi_Device\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Physical Activity Sensing via Stand-Alone WiFi Device<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1UvM2FZwoON0Sp1OOCurFYOaw2kKTTDRwmEIQpv1t6oQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/333883839_Joint_Activity_Recognition_and_Indoor_Localization_With_WiFi_Fingerprints\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Joint Activity Recognition and Indoor Localization With WiFi Fingerprints<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1SbAqDHibjIIan-nwGV5_ooAoTIemmDN4eCgstSFnXXU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/europepmc.org\/article\/pmc\/pmc5808947\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Passive Radar for Opportunistic Monitoring in E-Health Applications<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1JhXJPjmndr1oU8vSwgOjNCCBsf5sjUBxJp334YrMB9A\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/wifi-camera-sees-through-walls-2017-5\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wi-Fi Can Be Used to Photograph Rooms Through Walls<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1n1vbcMaG5Nv3ozhJ4tufFj4C3a-84WOZ5EguFSwynvs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.aps.org\/prl\/abstract\/10.1103\/PhysRevLett.118.183901#fulltext\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Holography of Wi-fi Radiation<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/133UdMhe--ZaBMU80Vb8IDuDU0l55itScBk_dFDD0t6w\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/10.1145\/2486001.2486039\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See through walls with WiFi!<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1i2g6iTOCpwHjEAxAVM6yQbaKuDK4iAb9XwSNo7i4taw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S2352864816300426\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Experimental approach for seeing through walls using Wi-Fi enabled software defined radio technology<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1jYWBwO0WCy_evsCorZmvHZj-Jk9-H7JFkGoARe3rM1Q\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/354912831_IQ-Data-Based_WiFi_Signal_Classification_Algorithm_Using_the_Choi-Williams_and_Margenau-Hill-Spectrogram_Features_A_Case_in_Human_Activity_Recognition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IQ-Data-Based WiFi Signal Classification Algorithm Using the Choi-Williams and Margenau-Hill-Spectrogram Features: A Case in Human Activity Recognition<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1LpilUKmigTK-dxJO0OBgay_gez9JMPKylWsfO4uoCMg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/rfpose.csail.mit.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Through-Wall Human Pose Estimation Using Radio Signals<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/138OY8UrBvER8S1lKKBWLYlDcYYtpz-iAyjyBEcRM2rM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.engadget.com\/2011-09-19-researchers-use-wireless-network-to-monitor-breathing-could-sav.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Researchers use wireless network to monitor breathing, could save lives<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1nfyHAgYTOxiXS5564Z4iBQTdPfVgaVzQc-efD_lK4PI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/eqradio.csail.mit.edu\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EQ-Radio: Emotion Recognition using Wireless Signals<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1110Bxq-GYVY5t3HeW6rYiRSUutGoGO3LO7XTIcfX8Mk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FnK4QHj00nk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WiFi signal based human activity recognition (MobiCom 2015)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Fpi7Gc2eCFgdGLWdgBikW7ibBNy0pDBAR87NS_IwGn8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.ece.ucsb.edu\/~ymostofi\/SeeThroughImaging.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">X-Ray Vision for Robots: Seeing Through Walls with Only WiFi<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1SRPxZYqnZPcIDvOd3WBBmOfak34VzNU1-rXfpRj8grU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=VZ7Nz942yAY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WiSee: Wi-Fi signals enable gesture recognition throughout entire home<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Iyfq1kFdgEGKnFjiPXLnIUzje3_P5FEl2mUOrq3xK6g\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=CVKHJaq4-aQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wi-Fi 'radar' can see through walls<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/10CbvCPHupIx-tAVwPFVUIvWaftAVPsZgUk8U5xy66oc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FDZ39h-kCS8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Through-wall person identification from candidate video footage using WiFi<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1E-ytxSDjF5m4U4F1Puz8rDjKoSBDSvr22nvjSFVzSoU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=sUDf-XT1f2M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MobiSys 2020 - Sensing with WIFI<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1MQnmpGmNsHj_GY57afCCZ7llfdI29AdRlYxzMz0jGyk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5l0wP_kMbc8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Atheros Wifi Router CSI Data Realtime Spectrogram (Plot Both Time\/Frequency Domain)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/16W8q70QH0z7gXFIBeibotlcx5YvKaseB12vJphUqyW4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7LTr02cJkiA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Capturing a Human Figure Through a Wall using RF Signals<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Efxpyb9lfrq3pLvlnWprhSMA2PlnMIh9TUeplvkMi34\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rDC34awd0f8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Human Activity Detection Using WiFi Signals and Deep Networks<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1rro79cAA4gCo0zCw_dZp_CrBATVyK-yVpWiBvVDeZlc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BRpgckJ3nUI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MobiCom 2015 - Understanding and Modeling of WiFi Signal Based Human Activity Recognition<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1h05INs-lfAeO_OBH-qGzRhOh2lq3ZEi4a-htszXyHLE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Patent references:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US11105912B2\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US11105912B2 \u2014 Coherent Wi-Fi radar using wireless access point<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Q4e6l--lHvkfmhjH9EKQqb8zrDwRkCYYcb4IQTTbbS8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US9131504B2\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US9131504B2 \u2014 Method to enable Wi-Fi direct usage in radar bands<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1n90wLc0wI8mURji8r1nzhIV3zvms1CYwFI47s115dGM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_14 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/15-observation-elements-wifi-doppler-imaging.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0448\u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 Wi-Fi Doppler Imaging. \u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 Wi-Fi \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u044c\u043c\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 (\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443). \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b (\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443).\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/15-observation-elements-wifi-doppler-imaging.png\" width=\"1200\" height=\"640\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/15-observation-elements-wifi-doppler-imaging.png 1200w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/15-observation-elements-wifi-doppler-imaging-980x523.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/15-observation-elements-wifi-doppler-imaging-480x256.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1200px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3699\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0448\u043e\u0442 \u0438\u0437 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u0445\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0432\u043e\u0437\u043c\u043e\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 Wi-Fi Doppler Imaging. \u041e\u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043f\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0436\u0438\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0435\u0434\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0443\u043f\u0430 Wi-Fi \u0441 \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u044c\u043c\u044f \u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u043c\u0438 (\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043b\u0435\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443). \u0410\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043a\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u043e\u0437\u044b \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0448\u0438\u0444\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043e\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043f\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u044b (\u043f\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0437\u0430\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e\u043c \u043d\u0438\u0436\u043d\u0435\u043c \u0443\u0433\u043b\u0443).\" title=\"15-observation-elements-wifi-doppler-imaging\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_45 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Screenshot from video demonstration of Wi-Fi Doppler Imaging capabilities. Location detection of a living object occurs using a single Wi-Fi access point with four antennas (shown bottom left). Body movement analysis and pose classification occur via Doppler spectrogram decoding (shown bottom right). Manufacturer\u2019s site: <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220518073333\/https:\/\/www.celeno.com\/wifi-doppler-imaging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Celeno: Wi-Fi Doppler imaging<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1hPKPuPb9bfYEin2jUZqCUp1PusDTKuPpXpH28W9-Zqo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_46 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Portable radar<\/strong> is a lightweight radar system that requires no transport vehicles for transportation or operation, allowing capture of data on living and nonliving ground, surface, and flying objects at distances up to 1500 meters. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Man-portable_radar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Man-portable radar<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1TNXzoWdSZv-htxvc_vRdXIoAYLvRdkRS6W6kBMMe4vw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_15 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/16-observation-elements-echodyne-man-portable-isr-radar.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440 ISR \u043e\u0442 Echodyne.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/16-observation-elements-echodyne-man-portable-isr-radar.png\" width=\"1200\" height=\"804\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/16-observation-elements-echodyne-man-portable-isr-radar.png 1200w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/16-observation-elements-echodyne-man-portable-isr-radar-980x657.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/16-observation-elements-echodyne-man-portable-isr-radar-480x322.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1200px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3700\" alt=\"\u041f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440 ISR \u043e\u0442 Echodyne.\" title=\"16-observation-elements-echodyne-man-portable-isr-radar\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_47 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Portable ISR radar by Echodyne. Manufacturer\u2019s site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.echodyne.com\/applications\/defense\/portable-isr-radar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Portable ISR Radar<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1mwDvHC12DOIL-JeW99Vuv7TV-S8frJjJk__UKIxZx2s\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>]. Article in GeekWire: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.geekwire.com\/2019\/echodyne-raises-20m-bill-gates-investors-innovative-radar-system\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Echodyne raises $20M from Bill Gates and others as surveillance radar gains traction<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1b_gqN2vGWGj2QO2lV1IpezDHIYd6aoJFQ2sHzex_RPE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_48 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Radars from various manufacturers:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/magossystems.com\/radars\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Magos<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1uCaJqto2EteJzEW4c-UVBRVNGiDB5ojIWvBeqCwg2O8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hensoldt.net\/products\/radar-iff-and-datalink\/twinvis-passive-radar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hensoldt<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1O7Ad07irLgavRR4mGPhDcjWkD1Uyux-LPcpbSmWBz8w\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a><\/span><\/em>];<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220518073333\/https:\/\/www.celeno.com\/wifi-doppler-imaging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Celeno<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1hPKPuPb9bfYEin2jUZqCUp1PusDTKuPpXpH28W9-Zqo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/vayyar.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vayyar<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Nn9SLIG4ECVMaVcUJMR7wUdSTlOypxW63PUo4UNGrIk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cobaltsolutions.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cobalt Solutions<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1HGK8jZ8Sp9zUrc7cY2nKtJmqpfCPh8PNt2X1MNFlcts\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.flir.com\/products\/elara-r290-radar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Teledyne Flir<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1q35Ql4bSOJisZ01H2nDFtwYcKo1bl0guE5M57X5lQAY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dahuasecurity.com\/fr\/solutions\/solutionsByApplication\/797\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dahua<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1BMGtm1XeMyfVhSRi_0XCqAyhrbE6bezqF1qkoIbvqmY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=srt3c38jhHc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rockwell Collins<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-_cZHPaRPrExaL_FxGsOqLYUuB3GkqvkboGNYLMs930\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.l3harris.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">L3Harris<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1AI1lkR07pQ_Z2CBHp_uxsAnBJUmrsRZJv95e3YxdNW8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.blighter.com\/product-categories\/radars\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blighter<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/11flw0QIa0rVBMOMxOhVwDHda98l0YYH1DjS7t73GhJ8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.spotterrf.com\/radars\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SpotterRF<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1B890OWoKfJSoshdhntQF_W5v2LququNGs1iO_V5OAmk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/navtechradar.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Navtech<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1v44K64OH5dv0GN10lqG94ASO4XtusgQVU2xGhwvluac\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/uk.tagmaster.com\/products\/cityradar\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TagMaster<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/16LGyhURweWNQR_c--00uAFvmCinv3_y7KYGEGnvO0Q0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.echodyne.com\/applications\/defense\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Echodyne<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1FqpZ7tQmDUoFmJ0_Nos1ztgxHWct4Wn84k01UoyaNO8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.iai.co.il\/p\/elm-2112fp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Elta Systems<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PNHF3W7p8qebYa1xcLJXTobcu6_i75Q53NpOKv8XOHE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bnti.ru\/des.asp?itm=4646&amp;tbl=02.03.03.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BSTI<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1qcaNywNSt9PGt7h4opBtIJIuBBrXVgYK7x7DIYSJ8O0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.innosent.de\/radar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">InnoSenT<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1aOPXf3gyQ5YusqXoajQuBigJCNMkTzKu2UQFCPBdqr0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.umain.co.kr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UMAIN<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1gKVhgfuZx_4TN-xEVsyFy_YaMpzFAu-qMhoKgVfnE1U\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.made-in-china.com\/productdirectory.do?word=radar&amp;subaction=hunt&amp;style=b&amp;mode=and&amp;code=0&amp;comProvince=nolimit&amp;order=0&amp;isOpenCorrection=1&amp;log_from=1\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chinese manufacturers<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1HH8Xjzy8Ovuuimsz4X5UKVaX8AclrMhXCWxpf2nDVb4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Many other manufacturers also exist.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_49 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Receivers<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_50 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Receiver<\/strong> is an electronic device that converts a modulated electromagnetic field into visual, audio, or digital information. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radio_receiver\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Radio receiver<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1UoBSlk1qfNxVKbE97pUWOnD8-TWVGjGeoHH33bsmh34\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Receivers capture modulated electromagnetic fields at distances from the source up to 35,000 km (and beyond). Increased reception range is achieved by using sensitive antennas (manufacturer\u2019s site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rohde-schwarz.com\/us\/products\/aerospace-defense-security\/monitoring-antennas_229505.html?change_c=true\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rohde & Schwarz Antennas<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1uHhKJcffDblu-Q1vatSbX3z7OZRiuF2QiaN1jsxE9Xg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>) and internal receiver components (repeaters, amplifiers, and others).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_16 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/17-observation-elements-receivers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/17-observation-elements-receivers.png\" width=\"1188\" height=\"822\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/17-observation-elements-receivers.png 1188w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/17-observation-elements-receivers-980x678.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/17-observation-elements-receivers-480x332.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1188px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3701\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438.\" title=\"17-observation-elements-receivers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_51 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Receivers.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_52 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Receivers and systems (measuring, SDR) <strong>use modulated electromagnetic fields<\/strong> in real time to capture data about living, ground, surface, and flying objects, as well as the transmitted information.<\/p>\n<p>References to scientific publications, lectures, and examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rohde-schwarz.com\/us\/products\/aerospace-defense-security\/cellular-network-analysis\/rs-nestor-cellular-network-analysis-software_63493-115470.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">R&S\u00aeNESTOR cellular network analysis software<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1uuqOFbBVXmkc0_7O51myKB-aViKll473frPt6147XIk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/harrisonsand.com\/posts\/imsi-catcher\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Building a passive IMSI catcher<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1d7pUNm-Lc7xUSs2w-wnj9ap7AqOn7v0homAHAyzng1E\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cl.cam.ac.uk\/techreports\/UCAM-CL-TR-577.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Compromising emanations: eavesdropping risks of computer displays<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1WBzUZqon_gkw3hPLjj5PRJ-pdP6Fnbd_IYR2vG0JbUs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/350051564_Screen_Gleaning_A_Screen_Reading_TEMPEST_Attack_on_Mobile_Devices_Exploiting_an_Electromagnetic_Side_Channel\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Screen Gleaning: A Screen Reading TEMPEST Attack on Mobile Devices Exploiting an Electromagnetic Side Channel<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1g0od_EbU88o5TxULccghE7QhmBZ0kdiT7VgomtmLiSg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/343549006_Possibilities_of_Electromagnetic_Penetration_of_Displays_of_Multifunction_Devices\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Possibilities of Electromagnetic Penetration of Displays of Multifunction Devices<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1gnydJaBOBnrthsw6JYf9chAGF6C2D7CxRk2O4VTxZBg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/pii\/S1742287619301616\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Leveraging Electromagnetic Side-Channel Analysis for the Investigation of IoT Devices<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1knhJez5C8-7jJhDgeUI67OqgyY4JzThbcbyrU1SrwlQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/1903.07703\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Survey of Electromagnetic Side-Channel Attacks and Discussion on their Case-Progressing Potential for Digital Forensics<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/17QI9FARPWVl35_Rct0U9fDpGGTGaeoFl7mPhwa22_Gs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.rtl-sdr.com\/tempestsdr-a-sdr-tool-for-eavesdropping-on-computer-screens-via-unintentionally-radiated-rf\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TempestSDR: An SDR tool for Eavesdropping on Computer Screens via Unintentionally Radiated RF<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/18t0obUYkfn7FWeMGHwCnY1h3ha6T9vxtOiQMKYr3RAA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yHheZuUihmY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rohde & Schwarz Demonstrates TEMPEST Receiver<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1yrzMy0LafTUS33o4fOvt8fr-MMNDmK2Aif_ueMgyJ6I\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QRycX0M0H4s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GRCon21 - gr-tempest: Spying Video Interfaces Through Electromagnetic Emanations<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vwnxSHJ_nP9CnQmcGDe6wnjC1DLMmID8wWjz_vMihsw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8HV70b-DpE0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">L\u00e1szl\u00f3 Mikl\u00f3s B\u00edr\u00f3 - Tempest, the hidden source of data leakage<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1u5QdRVsc2DuMtp2h8F8J4Mu2A_-l6kTrgoI4hgPctk4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Skrh2LHcEIg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reception and decoding of 433 MHz signals using the RTL-SDR receiver<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1sjDi-intNkXq11TLfjWtwVBN6-DMKfbHTIpZLLzS-uc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=nOYVoR3B2hY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Decoding GSM using SDR and GR-GSM<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1JIaGF4Zok03dhK4Th-RY8EAK58JsOQAFikYEkEMAzMc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Wr2nioy-CYg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">All Your Radio Frequencies Are Mine. Part 1<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TIEtLwlhGcc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">All Your Radio Frequencies Are Mine. Part 2<\/a>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Bc2F3Q-uGrk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">All Your Radio Frequencies Are Mine. Part 3<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vYIavl90l99iQW_X03xOHzqX2lwiMediAH0-V1jLN8Y\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=qEXwe58IVFc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NDSS 2021 Screen Gleaning: Screen Reading TEMPEST Attack on Mobile Devices Exploiting a Side Channel<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1LWv-o2O59IBmxX2oaerqKL1l-OTfRJUcn8eu4JFmadA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FHaKnzb--a8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Keystroke auto-detection<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1RQXjggTD71DG2E26oBx-VWKgVXubda3htIfLxOwu1p8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=nL2wM-4xRkI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Information Leakage Threat via EM Emanation for Tablet PCs<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1niQfu8h3cZ8YxDKjLwgVBaAlGdlSwLugrfriZ7YG1Fk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5CsD8I396wo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">I Hacked Into My Own Car<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1y6qqFftOQDyY2W7EiMku7V1PU0_oLrQMU28RO6RcfqE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ta637wu2AFM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hacking and intercepting radio devices<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/13gO60_6OsmjorVUIMTp4Ufuuw7NSOYlT2TC47rjeS1k\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cPDDNVKo43w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Side-Channel Analysis Demo: Mobile Device<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1caEfwqIhfLhcWND9V8un_xHYfndow2dbKvlvBimbX_U\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mcV6izFG3vQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TEMPEST - BBC report on Van Eck Phreaking<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1dlAukf94fD9VaE4oM5UFtYjn1HN8jR3_j79M-yhkXFk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Receivers and systems (measuring, SDR) also <strong>use side modulated electromagnetic fields and re-radiation<\/strong> from living objects, electronic and mechanical devices, connecting wires, informational and electrical networks, unconnected wires, metal structures, and other environment elements to capture data about living and nonliving objects.<\/p>\n<p>References to publications, lectures, and examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electromagnetic_attack\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Electromagnetic attack<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1gR5gZpHniFK56d3JJ1ZYDGFH2FohS8blX3x9YlQjoA0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer_and_network_surveillance#Monitoring_from_a_distance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Computer and network surveillance<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1q6ziTa9rZuC_FwADqoVuWapP7M5d3EVxR5LuLzek1O8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-03176249\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Whispering devices: A survey on how side-channels lead to compromised information<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1jVWBLIIQJHXGs8FWrgwRt7PwRQCS_TIrUeg20OdWRxU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/libeldoc.bsuir.by\/bitstream\/123456789\/31604\/1\/Kondratyonok_The.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Using the RF-imposition method to organize channels for leakage of digital data processed by computer equipment<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/14NXvaFK_duN4iSNxLqwYpLLgFO0YwVdFTDG5bBDMoAU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.unn.ru\/books\/met_files\/Legenda.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Detection of stray electromagnetic radiation and interference using the Legend hardware and software system<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Jl5kYgQeo23STw0NFhPr72rHDd1TbTbpHUJO1-kO1U0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1yO8c2PgcpQKLI7SUNaOKWWjsA6eyfa-sJ8LKVU8bdjo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Online course: \u201cSystemic approach to building information security systems\u201d<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1yO8c2PgcpQKLI7SUNaOKWWjsA6eyfa-sJ8LKVU8bdjo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Measuring receiver<\/strong> is a high sensitivity receiver for measuring characteristics of modulated electromagnetic fields over a wide frequency range, used to convert modulated electromagnetic fields into visual, audio, or digital information. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Measuring_receiver\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Measuring receiver<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1dkJLUipnYKLFbo7Dz8ePNKoNC6vRqM7u83XxUU0oCQc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_17 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/18-observation-elements-measuring-receivers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): R&amp;S\u00aeFSWT, Keysight Technologies N9040B, Tektronix RSA5000, Rigol RSA5000, Anritsu MS2850A, Siglent SSA3075X-R.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/18-observation-elements-measuring-receivers.png\" width=\"1174\" height=\"454\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/18-observation-elements-measuring-receivers.png 1174w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/18-observation-elements-measuring-receivers-980x379.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/18-observation-elements-measuring-receivers-480x186.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1174px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3703\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): R&amp;S\u00aeFSWT, Keysight Technologies N9040B, Tektronix RSA5000, Rigol RSA5000, Anritsu MS2850A, Siglent SSA3075X-R.\" title=\"18-observation-elements-measuring-receivers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_53 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Measuring receivers (left to right): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rohde-schwarz.com\/us\/products\/test-and-measurement\/tempest-tests\/rs-fswt-test-receiver_63493-310144.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">R&amp;S\u00aeFSWT<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ZECxWq14TzZJeMf8vOUT720kSZirkk00iGODk3W6ZoQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.keysight.com\/ca\/en\/product\/N9040B\/uxa-signal-analyzer-multi-touch-2-hz-50-ghz.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Keysight Technologies N9040B<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vOatkAAHtUfkKBivGPrnzOevPL7LbqYbZhT29DBLOOY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.tek.com\/en\/datasheet\/spectrum-analyzers-datasheet\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tektronix RSA5000<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1NVGNIHaovRSAAkQYJi4i9CttioIakEGCdKUs-6oI5lA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rigolna.com\/products\/spectrum-analyzers\/rsa5000\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rigol RSA5000<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1KxRmiHOl5ItVwryO-Lah4DYnn4tWZCm6GgIDwMxGBew\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.anritsu.com\/en-us\/test-measurement\/products\/ms2850a\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Anritsu MS2850A<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1lUyfAGdQJNqSTBmWa7RQitaBprlroYpLP5WxpyhLBas\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.siglent.eu\/product\/1495951\/siglent-ssa3075x-r-7-5ghz-real-time-spectrum-analyzer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Siglent SSA3075X-R<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1oxQ9ADhcPC8y6DCtWR2QE92-zGqtMsZXLcaD8kRs9ik\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_54 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Example of converting modulated electromagnetic field from a laptop monitor to digital and visual information using the R&S\u00aeFSWT measuring receiver: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yHheZuUihmY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rohde & Schwarz Demonstrates TEMPEST Receiver<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1yrzMy0LafTUS33o4fOvt8fr-MMNDmK2Aif_ueMgyJ6I\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tempest_(codename)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tempest (codename)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PGYuwaBLXeaifOaekK7hEvtB-Qu2hSoNI2nVzQzogdQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. General article: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.astrodynetdi.com\/blog\/tempest-emi-filters\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is TEMPEST?<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1xlPqQfg988fqZxsePF2Hvz8TEytaCDIQu-D9IV4k4Kw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Scientific article on evaluating font security against electromagnetic eavesdropping using R&S\u00aeFSWT measuring receiver: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/340841176_Assessing_the_Security_of_TEMPEST_Fonts_against_Electromagnetic_Eavesdropping_by_Using_Different_Specialized_Receivers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Assessing the Security of TEMPEST Fonts against Electromagnetic Eavesdropping by Using Different Specialized Receivers<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1DMRoImaoOkX6JveuMx3vkYbJ2_91Xt4gwANvDbik_Hs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_18 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/19-observation-elements-randsfswt-measuring-receiver-monitor-van-eck-phreaking-demonstration.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 R&amp;S\u00aeFSWT \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e. \u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0432\u0430\u043d \u042d\u043a\u043a\u0430\u00bb.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/19-observation-elements-randsfswt-measuring-receiver-monitor-van-eck-phreaking-demonstration.png\" width=\"1162\" height=\"604\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/19-observation-elements-randsfswt-measuring-receiver-monitor-van-eck-phreaking-demonstration.png 1162w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/19-observation-elements-randsfswt-measuring-receiver-monitor-van-eck-phreaking-demonstration-980x509.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/19-observation-elements-randsfswt-measuring-receiver-monitor-van-eck-phreaking-demonstration-480x250.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1162px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3704\" alt=\"\u041c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 R&amp;S\u00aeFSWT \u043f\u043e\u0441\u043b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430 \u043d\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0431\u0443\u043a\u0430 \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0437\u0443\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0443\u044e \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044e. \u0414\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u044f\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u043d\u0430\u0437\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u00ab\u0444\u0440\u0438\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0433 \u0432\u0430\u043d \u042d\u043a\u043a\u0430\u00bb.\" title=\"19-observation-elements-randsfswt-measuring-receiver-monitor-van-eck-phreaking-demonstration\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_55 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Monitor of the R&S\u00aeFSWT measuring receiver after converting modulated electromagnetic field from a laptop monitor into visual information. This phenomenon is called \"Van Eck phreaking.\" References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Van_Eck_phreaking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Van Eck phreaking<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PtWMESsRVgY0r5aHKu-uuqt0rOvsdHKq0eyWlXKpHzo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tempest_(codename)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tempest (codename)<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PGYuwaBLXeaifOaekK7hEvtB-Qu2hSoNI2nVzQzogdQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>]. 1985 article by Wim Van Eck: <a href=\"https:\/\/cryptome.org\/jya\/emr.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Electromagnetic Radiation from Video Display Units: An Eavesdropping Risk?<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1KgJBnJD3D2wMR8HWOSUzk-vvjpFvRpy7Eii-aWqGou0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_56 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Measuring system<\/strong> is a measuring receiver connected with additional antennas, cameras, microphones, radars, filters, control unit, amplifier, switches, and other components for more efficient reception and conversion of modulated electromagnetic fields into visual, audio, or digital information.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_19 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/20-observation-elements-measuring-systems.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): DSI 1550, Intriple TEMPEST Laboratory, R&amp;S\u00aeTS8996 RSE.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/20-observation-elements-measuring-systems.png\" width=\"1044\" height=\"742\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/20-observation-elements-measuring-systems.png 1044w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/20-observation-elements-measuring-systems-980x697.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/20-observation-elements-measuring-systems-480x341.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1044px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3705\" alt=\"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): DSI 1550, Intriple TEMPEST Laboratory, R&amp;S\u00aeTS8996 RSE.\" title=\"20-observation-elements-measuring-systems\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_57 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Measuring systems (left to right): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.ramayes.com\/Data%20Files\/Dynamic%20Sciences\/DSI-1550A_Product_Brochure_APRIL2008.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DSI 1550<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1SLWIG0sSzCmQTx_kWmgVBs-co28Fx9vGoxZSO2Aokmo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/intriple.eu\/sub-category\/show?categoryId=2\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Intriple TEMPEST Laboratory<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1UEy4qb3McrDHy7V80c98Vm5lSrDvWkpSpMSh_3A7glY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rohde-schwarz.com\/us\/products\/test-and-measurement\/emc-test-systems\/rs-ts8996-rse-test-system_63493-8177.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">R&amp;S\u00aeTS8996 RSE<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/11AB01xeE7tpLF_7lcPWZNb767EJLbhzK1c6InLzwD3A\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_58 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Example of converting modulated electromagnetic field from a laptop monitor into visual information using a measuring system: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vvOAIeVGRfw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tempest<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1tEYoDisxWEkrI54bnnSXrBPpVfNd1Tc_wqoBOT5sjmo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Demonstration of some measuring system components: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8tpN3nZzaAQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SEEI channel<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1EWvGwa7MlIfLKxxKKPJ-s_SuLe538kwAzcDw8mCZNFU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_20 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/21-observation-elements-control-panel-of-the-rohde-and-schwarz-measuring-system.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041f\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Rohde &amp; Schwarz.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/21-observation-elements-control-panel-of-the-rohde-and-schwarz-measuring-system.png\" width=\"1042\" height=\"586\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/21-observation-elements-control-panel-of-the-rohde-and-schwarz-measuring-system.png 1042w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/21-observation-elements-control-panel-of-the-rohde-and-schwarz-measuring-system-980x551.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/21-observation-elements-control-panel-of-the-rohde-and-schwarz-measuring-system-480x270.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1042px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3706\" alt=\"\u041f\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438\u0437\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b Rohde &amp; Schwarz.\" title=\"21-observation-elements-control-panel-of-the-rohde-and-schwarz-measuring-system\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_59 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Control panel of the Rohde & Schwarz measuring system.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_60 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Measuring receivers and systems are used in signals intelligence. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Signals_intelligence\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Signals intelligence<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1iZwVA-REQdquRCxcPDy6lce1pHxYk4ClS1De26Ccxtk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BE%D1%8D%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BA%D0%B0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Electronic intelligence<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1e_m9nKvmbUL82mVcVJ4ZrGYxZlbcJWkBl8FnJCoe8dk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%91%D0%BC%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Measuring receiver<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1DlgPEh1HEILSTC0aAOH8d_4tKzYZC5oCuLtuzsSMbr0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Manufacturer sites for measuring receivers and systems Rohde & Schwarz: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rohde-schwarz.com\/us\/solutions\/aerospace-defense-security\/defense\/signal-intelligence-electronic-warfare\/electronic-warfare\/electronic-warfare-overview_233140.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Electromagnetic warfare<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1bijQMGEiEPV8CezVZtf06Ld--OSk5OC6cNdm2qTUwnM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rohde-schwarz.com\/us\/solutions\/aerospace-defense-security\/defense\/signal-intelligence-electronic-warfare\/strategic-sigint\/radar-interception-and-analysis-elint-\/radar-interception-and-analysis-elint-_233134.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Radar interception and analysis (ELINT)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Y_lH2dEKKiOfSIBHUm8I6YDct1QYjyOHZ5abzDLq-DQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rohde-schwarz.com\/us\/solutions\/aerospace-defense-security\/defense\/signal-intelligence-electronic-warfare\/strategic-sigint\/wide-area-reconnaissance-comint-\/wide-area-reconnaissance-comint-overview_233130.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wide area reconnaissance (COMINT)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1VKtKtDLMi6IuJjuUUwym0auL-URHUlZ7OQ5jwVhxA7k\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/scdn.rohde-schwarz.com\/ur\/pws\/dl_downloads\/dl_common_library\/dl_brochures_and_datasheets\/pdf_1\/Rohde-Schwarz_CounteringThreats_bro_en_5214_4936_62_v0300.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Countering threats early on \u2014 Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance from a single source<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1B1tXhph7FdBl5cb0NrwOJVxNF8jeyEckxEitP1Sy06g\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>SDR receiver<\/strong> is a receiver whose internal components (mixers, filters, amplifiers, modulators, demodulators, detectors, and others) are implemented via software. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Software-defined_radio\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Software-defined radio<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1aMCiAyNNB4ST9pp5NC2p_5iZyZJn93-PnCfYFWpHHGY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_21 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/22-observation-elements-sdr-receivers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 SDR (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): SPECTRAN V6 Command Center, SPECTRAN V6 XFR PRO, SPECTRAN V6 X, Malahit-DSP, Ubertooth One, YARD Stick One, NESDR SMArt HF Bundle, NESDR Nano 3 USB OTG, HackRF One, RTL-SDR, RTL-SDR TV Tuner, KiwiSDR.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/22-observation-elements-sdr-receivers.png\" width=\"1154\" height=\"1474\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/22-observation-elements-sdr-receivers.png 1154w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/22-observation-elements-sdr-receivers-980x1252.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/22-observation-elements-sdr-receivers-480x613.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1154px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3707\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438 SDR (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): SPECTRAN V6 Command Center, SPECTRAN V6 XFR PRO, SPECTRAN V6 X, Malahit-DSP, Ubertooth One, YARD Stick One, NESDR SMArt HF Bundle, NESDR Nano 3 USB OTG, HackRF One, RTL-SDR, RTL-SDR TV Tuner, KiwiSDR.\" title=\"22-observation-elements-sdr-receivers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_61 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>SDR receivers (left to right top to bottom): <a href=\"https:\/\/aaronia.com\/spectrum-analyzers\/spectran-v6-cc-ultimate-real-time\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SPECTRAN V6 Command Center<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/11XDCSu-awGMdPuRz5D_Np-UZ5g5MLRI_i35vtimvQIQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/aaronia.com\/spectrum-analyzers\/spectran-v6-military-real-time\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SPECTRAN V6 XFR PRO<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/18s_lshztCK1wTMlPCrdij-E2K4q-azcEgLmVbgb79-0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/aaronia.com\/spectrum-analyzers\/spectran-v6-usb-real-time\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SPECTRAN V6 X<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1mCU_neOJ_7n6fVNlZKIOxMWsn7HUmoDW92ubxCJmtjU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], Malahit-DSP, Ubertooth One, YARD Stick One, NESDR SMArt HF Bundle, NESDR Nano 3 USB OTG, HackRF One, RTL-SDR, RTL-SDR TV Tuner, KiwiSDR. List of SDR devices: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_software-defined_radios\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">List of software-defined radios<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/drive.google.com\/file\/d\/11uHo7g3HfcBYNrmDLyelo9EKjdVA9QdE\/view?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_62 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Example of converting modulated electromagnetic field from a computer monitor and video card into visual information using SDRplay receiver: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=PV_v1HgjN3Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Intercepting images from a monitor via radio channel using TempestSDR (SEEI)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ADnd92Aj1pIkbbGH7Rj7q5sryqQDTgPWszbOTHEond0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Examples of converting modulated electromagnetic fields into visual information with SDR receiver SPECTRAN:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Y9uy5zt5fxQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3G UMTS REALTIME Spectrum<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Wro4FZdvVRhvBoXu5vMK1v6YvRLI7sXmPWVrETwR62c\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ymQT6-jsNCU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aaronia RTSA Suite PRO Realtime Analog Video Decoder<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1CN-7VcldRLWRqu67PxsfT8N8dXfe6ayiWdKHjzmt2oo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Bm_601BNoHs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Preview: Aaronia Demo-File \"DJI Phantom 4 Drone Detection\" 88MHz RTBW<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Cv5RkHCZQR92HeR_g514a6xACtHGmz1g0WBIs8T3NR4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vRFdHoCy6-E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Decoding a Car Key (GFSK Decoding) with a Aaronia SPECRAN V6 Real-Time Spectrum Analyzer<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1kHnD3jACeyGPoh1nKr0W_ouyrdxW8RMKxcG0TLXyqNM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Example of building a passive IMSI interceptor to capture mobile computer data with an SDR receiver: <a href=\"https:\/\/harrisonsand.com\/posts\/imsi-catcher\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Building a passive IMSI catcher<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1d7pUNm-Lc7xUSs2w-wnj9ap7AqOn7v0homAHAyzng1E\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>SDR system<\/strong> is an SDR receiver connected to a computer with necessary software, antennas, cameras, microphones, radars, transverter, switches, and other components for more efficient reception and conversion of modulated electromagnetic fields into visual, audio, or digital information.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_22 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/23-observation-elements-sdr-system.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 SDR SPECTRAN V6 Command Center \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 SDR \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u00bb \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e 50 \u043a\u043c.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/23-observation-elements-sdr-system.png\" width=\"1202\" height=\"676\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/23-observation-elements-sdr-system.png 1202w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/23-observation-elements-sdr-system-980x551.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/23-observation-elements-sdr-system-480x270.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1202px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3709\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u0451\u043c\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430 SDR SPECTRAN V6 Command Center \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 SDR \u0441\u043e \u0441\u043f\u0435\u0446\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u00ab\u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432\u00bb \u043d\u0430 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0434\u043e 50 \u043a\u043c.\" title=\"23-observation-elements-sdr-system\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_63 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Example of transforming SDR receiver <a href=\"https:\/\/aaronia.com\/spectrum-analyzers\/spectran-v6-cc-ultimate-real-time\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SPECTRAN V6 Command Center<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/11XDCSu-awGMdPuRz5D_Np-UZ5g5MLRI_i35vtimvQIQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>] into an SDR system specialized in \"drone detection\" at distances up to 50 km. Manufacturer\u2019s site: <a href=\"https:\/\/drone-detection-system.com\/aartos-dds\/product-overview\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AARTOS Drone Detection System<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1jInL9TgKa3GOkTQauCALkeY5S_uCqkeGK7IpdIciZcU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_64 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Example of using the Aaronia SDR system: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8CoQLolnJ3g\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aaronia AARTOS Drone Detection System \/ Detect and Stop UAV's<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/17IpTU7YdG3IKLb5mzGPOgh52w0jE2Jg-MjqVoAxS6Co\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Operating principle: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Gu3i4ewh7iQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AARTOS Drone Detection System<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1jInL9TgKa3GOkTQauCALkeY5S_uCqkeGK7IpdIciZcU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_23 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/24-observation-elements-aaronia-ag-dds-sdr-system.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 SDR Aaronia AG DDS.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/24-observation-elements-aaronia-ag-dds-sdr-system.png\" width=\"1200\" height=\"670\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/24-observation-elements-aaronia-ag-dds-sdr-system.png 1200w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/24-observation-elements-aaronia-ag-dds-sdr-system-980x547.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/24-observation-elements-aaronia-ag-dds-sdr-system-480x268.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1200px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3710\" alt=\"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 SDR Aaronia AG DDS.\" title=\"24-observation-elements-aaronia-ag-dds-sdr-system\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_65 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>SDR system <a href=\"https:\/\/drone-detection-system.com\/aartos-dds\/product-overview\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Aaronia AG DDS<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1jInL9TgKa3GOkTQauCALkeY5S_uCqkeGK7IpdIciZcU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_66 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Other receivers also exist.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_67 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Television and radio broadcasting towers<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_68 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Television and radio broadcasting tower<\/strong> is an aggregate of electronic devices, support structure, and antennas that transmit modulated electromagnetic fields over distances up to 130 km (technically possible further). References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radio_masts_and_towers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Radio masts and towers<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1A6vVRJZJ01GTpkf968EEe0sq28kvdkIC8uQv5GX7IZs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0%D1%88%D0%BD%D1%8F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ostankino Tower<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Ps1EPHG8S230CSTPJJJc9_48B200YhM5N2g3Y5MDduk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lattice_tower#Radio_tower_carrying_aerials\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lattice tower<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1JVSHqAQWjS9DfYAna_3bJR8O6F63lffY-s-F37WOrAM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/30107_KM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">30107 KM<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1gmzm_xMADbHGqvrBe3K5lUvfS3uMVbQvjE0YgGyHFck\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3803_KM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3803 KM<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1SD8aVvR5ZMCrfRoKK9QJnuxVeeN0I6n9LWdxkTX7Jos\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_24 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/25-observation-elements-broadcasting-towers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0412\u044b\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0422\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0428\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u041f\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, WSB-TV \u0432 \u0410\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435 (\u0421\u0428\u0410).\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/25-observation-elements-broadcasting-towers.png\" width=\"1186\" height=\"1078\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/25-observation-elements-broadcasting-towers.png 1186w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/25-observation-elements-broadcasting-towers-980x891.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/25-observation-elements-broadcasting-towers-480x436.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1186px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3711\" alt=\"\u0412\u044b\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u041e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043a\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0422\u043e\u043a\u0438\u0439\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0428\u0442\u0443\u0442\u0433\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u041f\u0435\u043d\u0437\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, \u0412\u043e\u0440\u043a\u0443\u0442\u0438\u043d\u0441\u043a\u0430\u044f, WSB-TV \u0432 \u0410\u0442\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435 (\u0421\u0428\u0410).\" title=\"25-observation-elements-broadcasting-towers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_69 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Television and radio broadcasting towers (left to right top to bottom): Ostankino, Tokyo, Stuttgart, Penza, Vorkuta, WSB-TV in Atlanta (USA).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_70 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Television and radio broadcasting towers <strong>transmit modulated electromagnetic fields<\/strong> filling space, through which passive radars capture data about living and nonliving objects (more details in the \"Radars\" section).<\/p>\n<p>There are over 5 million television, radio broadcasting, and cellular communication towers worldwide. Reference reports:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reportlinker.com\/p02372401\/The-Global-Market-for-Telecoms-Towers.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Global Market for Telecoms Towers 2014-2020<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Eo5UAvwalHVJ-XSezqfYH-GdVYtm3gqLg_96RffYjzY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchandmarkets.com\/reports\/4602365\/global-telecom-towers-market-growth-trends\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Telecom Towers - Market Share Analysis, Industry Trends & Statistics, Growth Forecasts (2025 - 2030)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1XKjQ5XdodjF2EEbcmK90sUnzhfXLI5CtEWYsrV9ROnk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchandmarkets.com\/search.asp?q=The+Global+Market+for+Telecoms+Towers&amp;PriceRange=AnyPrice&amp;PublicationDateRange=AllTime\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Search for: The Global Market for Telecoms Towers<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1t0woUKH8EtkX2uCISHLrmaAxQlJUxdgBXur-5xLwx50\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_71 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Cell towers<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_72 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Cell tower<\/strong> is an aggregate of electronic devices, support structure, and antennas that receive and transmit modulated electromagnetic fields at distances up to 70 km (technically possible up to 150 km) with speeds up to 100 Gbit\/s. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cell_site\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cell site<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1s1-TMt7NTfMd_1g35z5J_HsqWNIqA9cZV4B6QDaCu4M\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_25 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/26-observation-elements-cell-towers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0412\u044b\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/26-observation-elements-cell-towers.png\" width=\"1178\" height=\"424\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/26-observation-elements-cell-towers.png 1178w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/26-observation-elements-cell-towers-980x353.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/26-observation-elements-cell-towers-480x173.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1178px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3712\" alt=\"\u0412\u044b\u0448\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u0432\u044f\u0437\u0438.\" title=\"26-observation-elements-cell-towers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_73 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Cell towers.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_74 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Cell towers <strong>capture data about mobile devices<\/strong> in real time using multilateration, triangulation, and embedded radar. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobile_phone_tracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mobile phone tracking<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1e-RECmiY52lSJwuP0XQJ1LXO7a_sNJBy8m9Jn5KC35E\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Scientific articles: <a href=\"https:\/\/jwcn-eurasipjournals.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s13638-019-1459-4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Outdoor location tracking of mobile devices in cellular networks<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1CHz3YG4MbEyZSSlGMamyLurYsV6kfX2yPOmxkECH0e8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/287107281_LTE_Positioning_Accuracy_Performance_Evaluation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) LTE Positioning Accuracy Performance Evaluation<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/15SVqngN0Byt8zxOMLe_rKp1Le_retZ9SMj6gbt_PvRE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Qualcomm Technologies publication: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.qualcomm.com\/news\/onq\/2021\/12\/5g-bringing-precise-positioning-connected-intelligent-edge\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">5G: Bringing precise positioning to the connected intelligent edge<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1DnsJDMtvMklaw-cfPEcTBFv3CSlw1ijUaamsWiXU6J8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Patent references:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US11181631B2\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US11181631B2 \u2014 Radar-assisted tracking of mobile devices to improve the communication link in high frequency communciation<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/11mdw-XG9gIzqFGT0KvBVhjm5hADmIv8lrf8Uk-ToVxk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/KR20200094599A\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">KR20200094599A \u2014 3D positioning device capable of direction identification using 5G radar and artificial intelligence<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ccmmg4MOisT3wrvgi_xszyVVgqQWh3CSxPZt_tCbuIM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_26 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/27-observation-elements-built-in-radar-diagram.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 US11181631B2.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/27-observation-elements-built-in-radar-diagram.png\" width=\"1148\" height=\"632\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/27-observation-elements-built-in-radar-diagram.png 1148w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/27-observation-elements-built-in-radar-diagram-980x540.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/27-observation-elements-built-in-radar-diagram-480x264.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1148px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3713\" alt=\"\u0421\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u0438\u0437 \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 US11181631B2.\" title=\"27-observation-elements-built-in-radar-diagram\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_75 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Diagram of embedded radar from patent US11181631B2 (link above).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_76 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Cell towers <strong>transmit modulated electromagnetic fields<\/strong> filling space, through which passive radars capture data about living and nonliving objects (more details in the \"Radars\" section).<\/p>\n<p>Cell towers are used for through-wall audio surveillance. Patent references: <a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US20050220310A1\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US20050220310A1 \u2014 Technique and device for through-the-wall audio surveillance<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1dikZrMtpdXunWAPkZEuu9eAX3il73iEbFtTCKTK2UF8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em> (at higher power, range can reach thousands of meters).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_27 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/28-observation-elements-sound-detection-system.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0430 (10) \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u0447 (22), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 (28) \u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043e \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c (\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 US20050220310A1).\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/28-observation-elements-sound-detection-system.png\" width=\"1186\" height=\"564\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/28-observation-elements-sound-detection-system.png 1186w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/28-observation-elements-sound-detection-system-980x466.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/28-observation-elements-sound-detection-system-480x228.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1186px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3714\" alt=\"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0430 (10) \u0433\u0435\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043b\u0443\u0447 (22), \u043a\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b\u0439 \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0430\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043e\u0442 \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043b\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0430, \u043e\u0434\u0435\u0436\u0434\u044b, \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043a\u043b\u0430 \u0438\u043b\u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 (28) \u0438 \u0432\u043e \u0432\u0440\u0435\u043c\u044f \u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u0443\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u043f\u043e \u0430\u043c\u043f\u043b\u0438\u0442\u0443\u0434\u0435, \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u044f\u0441\u044c \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0442\u043d\u043e \u0432 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0432\u043e\u043b\u043d \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0435\u0439 \u043e \u0437\u0432\u0443\u043a\u0435, \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043c\u043e\u043c \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u043e\u043c (\u043e\u0434\u043d\u0430 \u0438\u0437 \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c \u043f\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0430 US20050220310A1).\" title=\"28-observation-elements-sound-detection-system\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_77 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>The sound detection system (10) generates a radio frequency beam (22) that reflects off the human chest, clothing, glass, or other surfaces (28) and is amplitude modulated during reflection, returning as modulated radio waves containing information about sounds produced by the person (one of the diagrams from patent US20050220310A1, link above).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_78 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Other electronic devices are installed on cell towers (for example, antennas of passive and\/or active radars, antennas of measuring and\/or SDR receivers, surveillance cameras, and others).<\/p>\n<p>There are over 5 million television, radio broadcasting, and cellular communication towers worldwide. Reference reports:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.reportlinker.com\/p02372401\/The-Global-Market-for-Telecoms-Towers.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Global Market for Telecoms Towers 2014-2020<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Eo5UAvwalHVJ-XSezqfYH-GdVYtm3gqLg_96RffYjzY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchandmarkets.com\/reports\/4602365\/global-telecom-towers-market-growth-trends\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Telecom Towers - Market Share Analysis, Industry Trends & Statistics, Growth Forecasts (2025 - 2030)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1XKjQ5XdodjF2EEbcmK90sUnzhfXLI5CtEWYsrV9ROnk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchandmarkets.com\/search.asp?q=The+Global+Market+for+Telecoms+Towers&amp;PriceRange=AnyPrice&amp;PublicationDateRange=AllTime\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Search for: The Global Market for Telecoms Towers<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1t0woUKH8EtkX2uCISHLrmaAxQlJUxdgBXur-5xLwx50\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_79 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Wireless routers<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_80 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Wireless router<\/strong> (and access point) is an electronic device that receives and transmits modulated electromagnetic fields at distances up to 300 meters (with amplification over 15 km) at speeds up to 9.6 Gbit\/s. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wireless_router\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wireless router<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PWkFjIchtf1FJraeXf6oPD5zbWgTI6AvMbV_gBi2PTk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_28 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/29-observation-elements-wireless-routers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0420\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): TP-Link (\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434), Xiaomi, Asus.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/29-observation-elements-wireless-routers.png\" width=\"1184\" height=\"250\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/29-observation-elements-wireless-routers.png 1184w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/29-observation-elements-wireless-routers-980x207.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/29-observation-elements-wireless-routers-480x101.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1184px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3716\" alt=\"\u0420\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): TP-Link (\u0434\u0432\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434), Xiaomi, Asus.\" title=\"29-observation-elements-wireless-routers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_81 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Wireless routers (left to right): TP-Link (two in a row), Xiaomi, Asus.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_82 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Wireless routers <strong>capture data about mobile devices<\/strong> in real time using multilateration, triangulation, and signal strength determination. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobile_phone_tracking#Wi-Fi\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mobile phone tracking<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ezkFISl7HwbfJYlWQH8XApuRvT1ykgNjBvvRdxpsk9w\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wi-Fi_positioning_system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wi-Fi positioning system<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1WaQbUka1uIJUpyAyk3Kxma26IG1wE_eIStvTcGI_aLE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/WiFi_Sensing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">WiFi Sensing<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/14OqQ6tj3vDfCoFy6I8XNiqGUDbIHbPLLfQsdT36QVwA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Reference scientific articles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/21\/10\/3418\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">An Efficient Indoor Positioning Method Based on Wi-Fi RSS Fingerprint and Classification Algorithm<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/161eC_cq1m0DEcTWIxXa5kyhLBozV4vZYrOr_21IBGYo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ws2.binghamton.edu\/fowler\/Improving%20WLAN-Based%20Indoor%20Mobile%20Positioning%20Using%20Sparsity.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Improving WLAN-Based Indoor Mobile Positioning Using Sparsity<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1FI0Hvg2zVZPkXJnJkJ8HUqt-sLm8yhJj5ysAbKwctS8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/330693703_An_Enhanced_Indoor_Positioning_Method_Based_on_Wi-Fi_RSS_Fingerprinting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">An Enhanced Indoor Positioning Method Based on Wi-Fi RSS Fingerprinting<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1w0mpL5RrkKqrlG3rlAafYqb5vXxo43zgpdUgK8MWhok\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/358488994_MapiFi_Using_Wi-Fi_Signals_to_Map_Home_Devices\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) MapiFi: Using Wi-Fi Signals to Map Home Devices<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1kD47cQhyv6CZTq2R9J_WYNGPLI-wDPQL_SydKhY9nms\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/344333680_Passive_Wi-Fi_monitoring_in_the_wild_a_long-term_study_across_multiple_location_typologies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Passive Wi-Fi monitoring in the wild: a long-term study across multiple location typologies<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1uK8C6imBjMBc63lYzXU6MFzWLDpOll6H4py4cxJdB1Q\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_29 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/30-observation-elements-device-map-created-using-wifi.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e Wi-Fi. \u0412 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0447\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0436\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0443, \u0438 \u0441\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/30-observation-elements-device-map-created-using-wifi.png\" width=\"1196\" height=\"942\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/30-observation-elements-device-map-created-using-wifi.png 1196w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/30-observation-elements-device-map-created-using-wifi-980x772.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/30-observation-elements-device-map-created-using-wifi-480x378.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1196px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3717\" alt=\"\u041a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e Wi-Fi. \u0412 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b \u043b\u0435\u0433\u0447\u0435 \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0430\u0434\u043b\u0435\u0436\u0430\u0449\u0438\u0435 \u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u0443 \u0436\u0435 \u0447\u0435\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0435\u043a\u0443, \u0438 \u0441\u0433\u0440\u0443\u043f\u043f\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u044c \u0438\u0445 \u0432 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0444\u0438\u043b\u044c \u043f\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f.\" title=\"30-observation-elements-device-map-created-using-wifi\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_83 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Map of devices composed using Wi-Fi. On a map, it is easier to identify devices belonging to the same person and group them into a user profile.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_84 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Wireless routers <strong>transmit modulated electromagnetic fields<\/strong> filling space, through which passive radars capture data about living and nonliving objects (more details in the \"Radars\" section).<\/p>\n<p>Wireless routers <strong>capture data about living objects<\/strong> in real time using software. Manufacturer\u2019s site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cognitivesystems.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cognitive Systems Corp<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/18_9Vg9bUujt6K9jJ8BLVtRh33S1zH_u419w2UBVxxog\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Article: <a href=\"https:\/\/staceyoniot.com\/the-next-big-wi-fi-standard-is-for-sensing-not-communication\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The next big Wi-Fi standard is for sensing, not communication - Stacey on IoT<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1EgRUZQPprYw5uAKscDgTBf4oL3bd69SJYgU07mxpYxc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_30 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/31-observation-elements-illustration-of-the-operating-principle-of-a-router.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0418\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c Wi-Fi Motion \u0441 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 Wi-Fi Motion \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442. \u043a. \u0441 Wi-Fi Motion \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a \u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c Wi-Fi \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c Wi-Fi Motion, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f Cognitive Systems, \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u043f\u0441\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/31-observation-elements-illustration-of-the-operating-principle-of-a-router.png\" width=\"780\" height=\"608\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/31-observation-elements-illustration-of-the-operating-principle-of-a-router.png 780w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/31-observation-elements-illustration-of-the-operating-principle-of-a-router-480x374.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 780px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3718\" alt=\"\u0418\u043b\u043b\u044e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0430 \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u044b\u043c \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435\u043c Wi-Fi Motion \u0441 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f. \u041f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 Wi-Fi Motion \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0432\u0440\u0430\u0449\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440 \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0432 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0442. \u043a. \u0441 Wi-Fi Motion \u0432\u0441\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a \u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0443 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438 \u0441\u0442\u0430\u043d\u043e\u0432\u044f\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0438 \u043e\u0431\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u0438\u0432\u0430\u044e\u0442 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0437\u0434\u0435, \u0433\u0434\u0435 \u0435\u0441\u0442\u044c Wi-Fi \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0440\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0430 (\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c Wi-Fi Motion, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f Cognitive Systems, \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u0447\u0430\u0435\u0442 \u0441 \u0438\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0435\u0442-\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0439\u0434\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f\u043c\u0438 \u0447\u0438\u043f\u0441\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432.\" title=\"31-observation-elements-illustration-of-the-operating-principle-of-a-router\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_85 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Illustration of the principle of operation of a router with built-in Wi-Fi Motion software from the manufacturer\u2019s site (technology description: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cognitivesystems.com\/technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cognitive Systems Corp. - Wi-Fi Motion Detection Technology<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1IJoy3XZ1XbRB53kLEmMFLcYnQntFXxy3wXRF1mBFBJg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>]). Wi-Fi Motion software turns a wireless router into a surveillance system, as with Wi-Fi Motion all electronic devices connected to the router automatically become motion sensors and detect movement anywhere there is Wi-Fi from that router (Wi-Fi Motion manufacturer, Cognitive Systems, collaborates with internet providers and chipset manufacturers: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cognitivesystems.com\/our-story\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Our goal is to become the standard for motion sensing using WiFi signals<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/12IKgL5R6XgMTZko_WGM4zsHyCt8O1R-5weUCsAWJKM4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>]).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_86 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Some computers can act as wireless routers (under certain conditions). References: <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/abs\/2012.06884\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AIR-FI: Generating Covert Wi-Fi Signals from Air-Gapped Computers<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ulSqRqvcN65Ir9PSKFmWvBu65Z7RDApk9X7svhDv8m0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_87 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Telephones<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_88 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Telephone<\/strong> is an electronic device for voice communication over a distance, containing a microphone or elements with microphone effect (case box, speaker, etc.). References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Telephone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Telephone<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1viSfwz9jJcQuB2xd4J96HMIhKhO-PnaO0M_lqA6T2-E\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cordless_telephone\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cordless telephone<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PVz3_3ymE0gQLs6q1VN0ZU9lixt_Az3XP2XfkN0x9aY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_31 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/32-observation-elements-phones.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043d\u044b (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/32-observation-elements-phones.png\" width=\"748\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/32-observation-elements-phones.png 748w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/32-observation-elements-phones-480x263.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 748px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3719\" alt=\"\u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043d\u044b (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u0441\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e.\" title=\"32-observation-elements-phones\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_89 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Telephones (left to right): landline, radio.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_90 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Phones <strong>capture data about people<\/strong> in real time using a microphone or microphone effect; they also capture conversations and location (in case of a call). References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Wiretapping\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wiretapping<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1oWpDAMNat6rGtV1PJOQYYixpTj2TKWJABcEsJIdkUZY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lawful_interception\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lawful interception<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1o2hv9sk9A48jqOwEnHL16xi9tcPLkpIa5p21dadZguw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_government_mass_surveillance_projects\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">List of government mass surveillance projects<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1nXoKFPpg_I-6f_1g6nwkeyJg_05nQYjgv8kUKB0L74g\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_91 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Home automation<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_92 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Home automation<\/strong> is an aggregate of electronic devices united into a single system for accounting and\/or control of other electronic devices. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Home_automation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Home automation<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1tY92P7jq4HCxXTPPVaUXu8-vCbCtTtmiGeY8CPjpxHs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smart_home_hub\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smart home hub<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1jvROy96ynBT3TnvpI2M3zY8UROLv9F0lrvj9hIa67IA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Home automation includes: controller, network router, network switch, electronic locks, switches, regulators, wireless button panels, remotes, thermostat, motion sensor, smoke detector, activation sensor (for card), open-close sensor, command input module, water consumption meter, socket regulator, smart bulb, centralized lighting module, electricity consumption meter, and others. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Home_automation#Applications_and_technologies\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Home automation<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1truUqLYoV3NR06oiaVVjG6kCNsLt0MBJwas01G2lta0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Manufacturer\u2019s site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.control4.com\/solutions\/catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Control4 Product Catalog<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vi2Dcuoq5ZU-5HV8czKff7eT9HrGBSZ6biwc0r7G058\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_32 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/33-observation-elements-home-automation.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0414\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0434\u044b\u043c\u0430, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b), \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434, \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u0443\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0430\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/33-observation-elements-home-automation.png\" width=\"1184\" height=\"1020\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/33-observation-elements-home-automation.png 1184w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/33-observation-elements-home-automation-980x844.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/33-observation-elements-home-automation-480x414.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1184px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3720\" alt=\"\u0414\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0448\u043d\u044f\u044f \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0430\u0440\u0448\u0440\u0443\u0442\u0438\u0437\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0441\u0435\u0442\u0435\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043c\u0443\u0442\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0437\u0430\u043c\u043a\u0438, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440\u044b, \u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0434\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043d\u043e\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0430\u043d\u0435\u043b\u0438, \u043f\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u044b, \u0442\u0435\u0440\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0430\u0442, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0434\u044b\u043c\u0430, \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0446\u0438\u0438 (\u0434\u043b\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u044b), \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u043d\u0434, \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u0432\u043e\u0434\u044b, \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0440\u043e\u0437\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438, \u0443\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043b\u0430\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0430, \u043c\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043b\u044c \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043b\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0441\u0432\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0441\u0447\u0451\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a \u0440\u0430\u0441\u0445\u043e\u0434\u0430 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u044d\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0433\u0438\u0438.\" title=\"33-observation-elements-home-automation\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_93 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Home automation (left to right top to bottom): controller, network router, network switch, electronic locks, switches, regulators, wireless button panels, remotes, thermostat, motion sensor, smoke detector, activation sensor (for card), command input module, water consumption meter, socket regulator, smart bulb, centralized lighting module, electricity consumption meter.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_94 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Home automation <strong>captures data about living objects<\/strong> in real time using connected devices, sensors, modules, and software.<\/p>\n<p>References to scientific articles:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2504-2289\/5\/1\/6\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Big Data and Personalisation for Non-Intrusive Smart Home Automation<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1UmrmAvCOagVhu23GKJJmMTTQnDKbwxBMj2fhWZ6kFsw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/324729082_Human_Behavior_Drift_Detection_in_a_Smart_Home_Environment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Human Behavior Drift Detection in a Smart Home Environment<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1cvjN1M9B6giox6VJ1JcWUuQA6NNC-QThCujbFam4a9Y\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/324729080_Quantitative_Indicators_for_Behaviour_Drift_Detection_from_Home_Automation_Data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quantitative Indicators for Behaviour Drift Detection from Home Automation Data<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1bvaz7EGiUKnyhIinqLiuJ8VnZ6cAxJf0LUtR0ZMvu0k\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/322707972_Behavior_Drift_Detection_Based_on_Anomalies_Identification_in_Home_Living_Quantitative_Indicators\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Behavior Drift Detection Based on Anomalies Identification in Home Living Quantitative Indicators<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-qYYWNWBWAvMLAxhbKeReAzUrYruFe4UvHf_v6hm6ew\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/335378229_Disseminating_Synthetic_Smart_Home_Data_for_Advanced_Applications\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Disseminating Synthetic Smart Home Data for Advanced Applications<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Y52lQ3d696ZqZUDjKeVQ0lJhhlYL4uDR0G-uf3saRn0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC7695536\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Understanding User Behavior Through the Use of Unsupervised Anomaly Detection: Proof of Concept Using Internet of Things Smart Home Thermostat Data for Improving Public Health Surveillance<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vsxeqRDMfzzx99zGMoYl3zx49E9oZhnUJTQgmqu3Ngs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_95 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Household devices<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_96 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Household devices<\/strong> are electronic devices for performing life-support functions, containing a microphone or elements with microphone effect (case box, speaker, motor, capacitor, etc.). References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Home_appliance\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Home appliance<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1OcyCnml_ovdKfQwDXwXTMCl43pt9472BQ_GWCri8RTs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microphone#Speakers_as_microphones\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microphone<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1hfkYuzUPdRHIhTpQ3a1Aii5hVjiud6ROwF4A2WQuUh8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microphonics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microphonics<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1do9ZorS0jl_AfSp1qM2yjcOf0_xCsm2B5hnHzzgm44w\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/%D0%9C%D0%B8%D0%BA%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9_%D1%8D%D1%84%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microphone effect<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1s82hmOCW3TDVbjwBE3CE8lz_mdjsHcmfjODqIcZx9fY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Smart household devices<\/strong> are household devices containing a microphone or elements with microphone effect, power on\/off sensor, Wi-Fi and Bluetooth modules, and software.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_33 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/34-observation-elements-smart-home-devices.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0423\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u043c\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u0443\u0442\u044e\u0433.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/34-observation-elements-smart-home-devices.png\" width=\"1144\" height=\"974\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/34-observation-elements-smart-home-devices.png 1144w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/34-observation-elements-smart-home-devices-980x834.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/34-observation-elements-smart-home-devices-480x409.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1144px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3721\" alt=\"\u0423\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0431\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043e\u0447\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0432\u043e\u0437\u0434\u0443\u0445\u0430, \u0441\u0442\u0438\u0440\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0430\u0448\u0438\u043d\u0430, \u0445\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0434\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u043c\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043a\u0430, \u0442\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u0447\u0430\u0439\u043d\u0438\u043a, \u0443\u0442\u044e\u0433.\" title=\"34-observation-elements-smart-home-devices\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_97 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Smart household devices (left to right top to bottom): refrigeration chamber, air purifier, washing machine, refrigerator, multicooker, toaster, kettle, iron. Reference on Amazon: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.amazon.com\/Smart-Home-Appliances\/s?k=Smart+Home+Appliances\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Amazon.com: Smart Home Appliances<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1oMzqWTYYLGHPETBa2SeuquGM3uhyItx0-GDE5zcMYsE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_98 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Household devices (ordinary and smart) <strong>capture data about living objects<\/strong> in real time using a microphone or microphone effect, power on\/off sensor, and software. Reference analytic report: <a href=\"https:\/\/moniotrlab.khoury.northeastern.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/ren-imc19.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Information Exposure From Consumer IoT Devices: A Multidimensional, Network-Informed Measurement Approach<\/a><em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\"> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1LMMdkEmHo4kyR6MxQBuopuKdcVClR0VAlNL3CUiPuqM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Reference for detailed explanation (should be considered as an addition): <a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1yO8c2PgcpQKLI7SUNaOKWWjsA6eyfa-sJ8LKVU8bdjo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Online course: \u201cSystemic approach to building information security systems\u201d<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1yO8c2PgcpQKLI7SUNaOKWWjsA6eyfa-sJ8LKVU8bdjo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_99 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Televisions<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_100 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Television<\/strong> (television receiver) is an electronic device that converts modulated electromagnetic fields into visual and audio information. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Television_set\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Television set<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/10qgKmefFwBO0qaIRn_w-l3GjFz1CfPyaZ858RL90i3M\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/ATSC_tuner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ATSC tuner<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1WoAkmvSHgxwEpKLZOoIs1tSlozhM5wYw3AUP2PLPyRk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Smart TV<\/strong> is a television with a built-in video camera, microphone, other data capture sensors (e.g., thermometer), Wi-Fi and Bluetooth modules, and software. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smart_TV\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smart TV<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1qLEWGsu14mYD1FplOuepfcYq-uxy5nUT_iBXM_iQ7XU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Automatic_content_recognition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Automatic content recognition<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1zVnX4zkN3nOgZBuQqDOOjMJZcJNxB_REO-NacdtUY-s\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Online hypermarket AliExpress: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.aliexpress.com\/category\/200216773\/smart-tv.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smart TV list<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-x4ZfGKkMFpO5mjc2jHkzEodvq37VG7T2r2OZzg22GI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_34 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/35-observation-elements-samsung-smart-tv-with-built-in-camera-and-microphone.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0440 Samsung Smart TV \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c (\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c 2012 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430), \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/35-observation-elements-samsung-smart-tv-with-built-in-camera-and-microphone.png\" width=\"1202\" height=\"786\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/35-observation-elements-samsung-smart-tv-with-built-in-camera-and-microphone.png 1202w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/35-observation-elements-samsung-smart-tv-with-built-in-camera-and-microphone-980x641.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/35-observation-elements-samsung-smart-tv-with-built-in-camera-and-microphone-480x314.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1202px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3722\" alt=\"\u0422\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0438\u0437\u043e\u0440 Samsung Smart TV \u0441\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0435\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0439 \u0438 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u043c (\u043c\u043e\u0434\u0435\u043b\u044c 2012 \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430), \u0443\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u044f\u0435\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0433\u043e\u043b\u043e\u0441\u0430 \u0438 \u0436\u0435\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432.\" title=\"35-observation-elements-samsung-smart-tv-with-built-in-camera-and-microphone\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_101 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Samsung Smart TV with built-in camera and microphone (2012 model), controlled by voice and gestures. Article: <a href=\"https:\/\/3dnews.ru\/637874\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Samsung Smart 3D TV UE75ES9007: huge and very smart<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1P6HOExbo1_OCOqtJX0g9SZxPvmAzlyTaRc9_NGYLgl4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_102 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Smart TVs <strong>capture data about living objects<\/strong> in real time using video cameras, microphones, and software. Articles: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.avast.com\/c-smart-tv-spying-on-you\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How to Stop Your Smart TV From Spying on You<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Nwd-2wchh0LM7Hw9876Iw2Wb1rY5ktVss1GLdFQzF1k\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>; <a href=\"https:\/\/threatpost.com\/smart-tvs-leak-data\/148482\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smart TVs, Subscription Services Leak Data to Facebook, Google<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/15XaOdsidTOBw2DGgcjZFhbDROidUl_LBBPta1BLhOak\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Reports: <a href=\"https:\/\/moniotrlab.khoury.northeastern.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/2019\/09\/ren-imc19.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Information Exposure From Consumer IoT Devices: A Multidimensional, Network-Informed Measurement Approach<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1LMMdkEmHo4kyR6MxQBuopuKdcVClR0VAlNL3CUiPuqM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>; <a href=\"https:\/\/www.princeton.edu\/~pmittal\/publications\/tv-tracking-ccs19.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Watching You Watch: The Tracking Ecosystem of Over-the-Top TV Streaming Devices<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1pDa5ThjQ219GVK75gmUo17bSKorMav1zSjrb53GeIqQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>There are more than 1.2 billion Smart TV users worldwide, corresponding to over 16% of the Earth\u2019s population (ordinary television users are more numerous). Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smart_TV#Sales\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smart TV<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/18Ga92YHiPTPgu_yc5bx61rOU0fNViD5fHKkwuqPstC8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_103 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Computers<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_104 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Computer<\/strong> is an electronic device for creating, storing, and processing data, which may contain a keyboard, video camera, microphone, proximity sensor, accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, barometer, pulse meter, tonometer, pulse oximeter, thermometer, fingerprint scanner, sonar, radar, lidar, network connection modules, Wi-Fi, Bluetooth, GNSS, call, message, and other sensors and modules, as well as software. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Computer<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1w3DTurVaKHHajy-zBzZ6vSdoBtI1x91XoTdIb2y49J4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_35 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/36-observation-elements-types-of-computers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 (\u043d\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0431\u0443\u043a), \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0448\u0435\u0442, \u0441\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0444\u043e\u043d), \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 (\u0443\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u044b).\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/36-observation-elements-types-of-computers.png\" width=\"1062\" height=\"714\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/36-observation-elements-types-of-computers.png 1062w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/36-observation-elements-types-of-computers-980x659.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/36-observation-elements-types-of-computers-480x323.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1062px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3723\" alt=\"\u0420\u0430\u0437\u043d\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0434\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u043e\u0439 (\u043d\u043e\u0443\u0442\u0431\u0443\u043a), \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439 (\u043f\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0448\u0435\u0442, \u0441\u043c\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0444\u043e\u043d), \u043d\u043e\u0441\u0438\u043c\u044b\u0439 (\u0443\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u044b).\" title=\"36-observation-elements-types-of-computers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_105 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Types of computers (left to right top to bottom): desktop, portable (laptop), mobile (tablet, smartphone), wearable (smartwatch).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_106 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Computers <strong>capture data about living objects<\/strong> in real time using input devices, built-in sensors, modules, and software.<\/p>\n<p>References to scientific articles and examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/259010240_Unobtrusive_Low_Cost_Pupil_Size_Measurements_using_Web_cameras\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Unobtrusive Low Cost Pupil Size Measurements using Web cameras<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1rZqJSDgFNSTEpf34jhtyJkLw-yiMpV6rsbFaqsSkL3E\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2073-8994\/13\/6\/1065\/htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Acoustic Imaging Using the Built-In Sensors of a Smartphone<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1OMPMV4KxPosrOneDTUyuTTlNUwlb8CkomvPuIzgAZ2A\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/par.nsf.gov\/servlets\/purl\/10063070\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AIM: AIM: Acoustic Imaging on a Mobile<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1bWSWXhpaDlQZaqfz5gQruWPDEZTLZ1lXh2rJJKj2CeM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/scholarworks.calstate.edu\/concern\/projects\/6t053p39d\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Health monitoring using acoustic sensing with smartphone microphone and speaker<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1n8eZo9kxJXCsKpdpzpcYZJJX4uXzspEYJ2MddF18fV8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/biosignal.uconn.edu\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2503\/2018\/09\/07_Nam_2016_JBHI.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Estimation of Respiratory Rates Using the Built-in Microphone of a Smartphone or Headset<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PdtUXL4YI-_h0--PXBx65HHaAoNFnYsYLXYkP4qWXSY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC3231421\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Use of Mobile Phones as Intelligent Sensors for Sound Input Analysis and Sleep State Detection<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1aJzKUsX79AwgQcPECmmrbOUKL0r1CDxA7SM-yUuuIcc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/cis.temple.edu\/~yu\/research\/D3Guard-Infocom19.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">D-Guard: Acoustic-based Drowsy Driving Detection Using Smartphones<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ONsv8BZjHJogsZKbPBxO-g6_ezVHq4K6P14EeW1FhNk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/elifesciences.org\/articles\/27854\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Using mobile phones as acoustic sensors for high-throughput mosquito surveillance<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1KdW0YYhvIguaHlSsg8pVOKkp13wkxV2P3SK3JEi-l5M\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/262255704_Sound-based_proximity_detection_with_mobile_phones\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Sound-based proximity detection with mobile phones<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/12D0tdkVjwH8NV8y4Go8I3LuFbmfPII8RS7-payZJWD0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.winlab.rutgers.edu\/~yychen\/papers\/ER%20Early%20Recognition%20of%20Inattentive%20Driving%20Leveraging%20Audio%20Devices%20on%20Smartphones.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ER: Early Recognition of Inattentive Driving Leveraging Audio Devices on Smartphones<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1DL-Rq6Fm1omwras7psGMOXDvHXq0HIMkbOAXZUy1j30\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ieeexplore.ieee.org\/stamp\/stamp.jsp?arnumber=8772159\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Survey on Human Behavior Recognition Using Smartphone-Based Ultrasonic Signal<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1IGWjRO61xsZb-8rTFR7fODRvJJMTbhCpYamN4zofP54\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/par.nsf.gov\/servlets\/purl\/10225541\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Robust Human Face Authentication Leveraging Acoustic Sensing on Smartphones<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1JTqAR8zVh1ikI3ZAb7nx77j1aO58SvcMItgNBZGCkgI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2071-1050\/12\/19\/7899\/htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smartphone-Based Participatory Soundscape Mapping for a More Sustainable Acoustic Environment<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1QKkahRwK4E_w5nOGiNzVgGUEdDiCeIb-f0VfqVqMF7g\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/275209030_Using_smartphones_as_personal_monitoring_tools_for_the_acoustic_environment\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Using smartphones as personal monitoring tools for the acoustic environment<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Y11EZGVkriuEDsz7Y9SIkuhAxkQT1SQZiUXGIS276Hs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.degruyter.com\/document\/doi\/10.1515\/aot-2021-0023\/html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smartphone imaging technology and its applications<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/12GiHMCM2yyuJTlq2axqvx8auSpN_c2C-jFLO0KTl9KY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1424-8220\/22\/6\/2110\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Online Anomaly Detection for Smartphone-Based Multivariate Behavioral Time Series Data<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1MccSSIdHmQ5LlZBKc5xYkgf-ARLRSdFITSXWiFpAR2c\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/ueaeprints.uea.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/72384\/1\/Accepted_Manuscript.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smartphone Sensing Methods for Studying Behavior in Everyday Life<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/10ocndgyUjiBbfFoxsm4lH6r7rxqQMxgYu3vkLCPZTKI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC5572675\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Using Smartphones to Collect Behavioral Data in Psychological Science: Opportunities, Practical Considerations, and Challenges<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1A5-rHX-K0ni5mxGLyk-cBxQs7x3WwSyZjccSRlD19F4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4564327\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Next-Generation Psychiatric Assessment: Using Smartphone Sensors to Monitor Behavior and Mental Health<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-iMiJVuiOpmocFZ5Em2OosyiGsKoKsb7tKRk4bvsCbc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.jmir.org\/2018\/7\/e10131\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Using Mobile Phone Sensor Technology for Mental Health Research: Integrated Analysis to Identify Hidden Challenges and Potential Solutions<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Q29L1wUml4qbaIt4HiYlHjGNwJAOaKp_OHujHho5VrY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/srep01376\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unique in the Crowd: The privacy bounds of human mobility<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1RkB7D0QcdKNmyV8aZ9BuO_hdbzdY6J1pUHjWvx7K0fI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KTArE54Kwt0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">At-home Pupillometry using Smartphone Facial Identification Cameras<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/16mbI6YZndJXZjPIv-YMidlJJjuov9vsr5D_YIKIhIms\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>References to patents:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US5905461A\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US5905461A \u2014 Global positioning satellite tracking device<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1f8zFtxu2p-b0pacStcZ2QZ95GzV42P4rrHf51_mB_Yo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US9269012B2\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US9269012B2 \u2014 Multi-tracker object tracking<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-7S01TjVjC8P9fdNasKc_f5kBBua5iqL0sgGT0ngpWg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US7171329B2\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US7171329B2 \u2014 System and method for device co-location discrimination<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1yPfeY4r4N40yij0th_6C36FodpqB8zi3BBiSOSS6ixM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US10264405B1\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US10264405B1 \u2014 Motion detection in mesh networks<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1cCEv_Z9zyqTTxfO1QiCReRPhYe7GKC5YJMhSSs8rVPw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US11012122B1\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US11012122B1 \u2014 Using MIMO training fields for motion detection<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1XdjIbDEN-RDOzITp-jqvUilWDERoZGtZFJCfBACbVBI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US8660578B1\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US8660578B1 \u2014 Proximity human motion detection using wireless signals<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1NAR0KfrGIbELmcKU-sPmRnr9nykHUk8DiYNEKmlApuc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US10579150B2\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US10579150B2 \u2014 Concurrent detection of absolute distance and relative movement for sensing action gestures<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-RnzYHU92gbkH6kzbI-lF0UDXV78kP5t62ajP1lTeN0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US10362165B2\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US10362165B2 \u2014 System and method for tracking persons of interest via voiceprint<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1DVFwRkD7MCcJfyH2eE-JZctHSZBNLsdXwlbdrRw3LEY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US3951134A\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US3951134A \u2014 Apparatus and method for remotely monitoring and altering brain waves<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/16oDqk8siEJg2joojfj0yWHZGAMFEmpdOWC6NdEHIXJI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There are more than 7.1 billion mobile computer users worldwide, corresponding to over 88% of the Earth\u2019s population. References from Statista: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/218984\/number-of-global-mobile-users-since-2010\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Forecast number of mobile users worldwide 2020-2025<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1A1NFAvsaDdyaz5ksU0Z6AaYyTv-MfUkRaL2UOBePPug\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/330695\/number-of-smartphone-users-worldwide\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mobile network subscriptions worldwide 2028<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1eJREI3VrRGA4XABGg0cwkBgnT94hIIWOkNpSoZHh4SU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Reference from BankMyCell: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.bankmycell.com\/blog\/how-many-phones-are-in-the-world\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How Many People Have Smartphones Worldwide (2025)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/16raiTWgqwW3nLiWH5P-OcJfMxglO-7A02OCS0_tRjL4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_107 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Gadgets<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_108 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Gadget<\/strong> is an electronic device with specialized functions, connected to a computer and\/or the internet, which may contain a video camera, microphone, proximity sensor, break sensor, obstacle sensor, impact sensor, weight sensor, fat sensor, accelerometer, gyroscope, magnetometer, pulse meter, tonometer, pulse oximeter, thermometer, sonar, radar, lidar, Wi-Fi modules, Bluetooth, GNSS, and other sensors and modules, as well as software.<\/p>\n<p>Gadgets include: smart speaker, camera, microphone, fitness bracelet, electronic construction set (manufacturer sites: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.raspberrypi.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RaspberryPi<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1bgeSrd7meIH_D3Vn00PVheK4D1QFq4xKlMaZ_XNsujg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.arduino.cc\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Arduino<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Tvvir3_Y9tJjGLW49ZpHXAIu_3jgQKu_7lEA-gD3n6Y\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>), robot vacuum cleaner, headphones, gamepad, smart scales, quadcopter, touch game controller (reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Kinect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kinect<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/10bdo0eefh_b8NphU9KaASY3Mry2xEiqY8j6zlvuJQCU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>) etc.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_36 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/37-observation-elements-gadgets.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0413\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u044b (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u0443\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d, \u0444\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0441-\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0442, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0442-\u043f\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0441, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0433\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043f\u0430\u0434, \u0443\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044b, \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/37-observation-elements-gadgets.png\" width=\"1190\" height=\"874\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/37-observation-elements-gadgets.png 1190w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/37-observation-elements-gadgets-980x720.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/37-observation-elements-gadgets-480x353.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1190px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3724\" alt=\"\u0413\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u044b (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u0443\u043c\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043b\u043e\u043d\u043a\u0430, \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d, \u0444\u0438\u0442\u043d\u0435\u0441-\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0442, \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0440, \u0440\u043e\u0431\u043e\u0442-\u043f\u044b\u043b\u0435\u0441\u043e\u0441, \u043d\u0430\u0443\u0448\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0438, \u0433\u0435\u0439\u043c\u043f\u0430\u0434, \u0443\u043c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0432\u0435\u0441\u044b, \u043a\u0432\u0430\u0434\u0440\u043e\u043a\u043e\u043f\u0442\u0435\u0440, \u0441\u0435\u043d\u0441\u043e\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0438\u0433\u0440\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0439 \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043b\u043b\u0435\u0440.\" title=\"37-observation-elements-gadgets\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_109 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Gadgets (left to right top to bottom): smart speaker, camera, microphone, fitness bracelet, electronic construction set, robot vacuum cleaner, headphones, gamepad, smart scales, quadcopter, touch game controller.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_110 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Gadgets <strong>capture data about living objects<\/strong> in real time using built-in sensors, modules, and software. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Indoor_positioning_system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indoor positioning system<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/18Hm7e_Kmy8L2z3VSb932nm-ywnyim-DT6OKa5SCNgws\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_37 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/38-observation-elements-gadgets-are-motion-sensors.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0413\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0427\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/38-observation-elements-gadgets-are-motion-sensors.png\" width=\"804\" height=\"516\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/38-observation-elements-gadgets-are-motion-sensors.png 804w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/38-observation-elements-gadgets-are-motion-sensors-480x308.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 804px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3725\" alt=\"\u0413\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u044b \u044f\u0432\u043b\u044f\u044e\u0442\u0441\u044f \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f. \u0427\u0435\u043c \u0431\u043e\u043b\u044c\u0448\u0435 \u0433\u0430\u0434\u0436\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u0435\u043c \u043b\u0443\u0447\u0448\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u0438\u0435 \u0438 \u0442\u043e\u0447\u043d\u043e\u0441\u0442\u044c.\" title=\"38-observation-elements-gadgets-are-motion-sensors\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_111 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Gadgets function as motion sensors. The more gadgets, the better coverage and accuracy. Manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cognitivesystems.com\/technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cognitive Systems Corp. - Wi-Fi motion detection technology<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1IJoy3XZ1XbRB53kLEmMFLcYnQntFXxy3wXRF1mBFBJg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_112 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Scanners<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_113 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Scanner<\/strong> is an electronic device that reads characteristics and properties of living and nonliving objects and converts them into an electronic format.<\/p>\n<p>Scanners include: image scanner, object scanner, space scanner.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_38 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/39-observation-elements-scanners.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/39-observation-elements-scanners.png\" width=\"1118\" height=\"332\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/39-observation-elements-scanners.png 1118w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/39-observation-elements-scanners-980x291.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/39-observation-elements-scanners-480x143.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1118px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3727\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b.\" title=\"39-observation-elements-scanners\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_114 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Scanners.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_115 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Image scanner<\/strong> reads characteristics of images (including text), converts them to electronic format, and sends them to a computer. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Image_scanner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Image scanner<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1RydvRe0o9uC_I89o8YE4BLYoiCH3fjciVpuel-9yxHk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Book_scanning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Book scanning<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/12hPiBLuOW29xkdGM5-Z9c2CemyyWSjBomcMOgwhc2aM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Planetary_scanner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Planetary scanner<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1E1nzsMomfCI4Im3LR0RdwJSl8KnULCIynsFryARPk6E\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_39 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/40-observation-elements-image-scanners.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/40-observation-elements-image-scanners.png\" width=\"1194\" height=\"264\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/40-observation-elements-image-scanners.png 1194w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/40-observation-elements-image-scanners-980x217.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/40-observation-elements-image-scanners-480x106.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1194px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3728\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0435\u0433\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043b\u0451\u043d\u043a\u0438, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u0438\u0437\u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433 \u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0439.\" title=\"40-observation-elements-image-scanners\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_116 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Image scanners (left to right): image scanner, negative film scanner, portable image scanner, portable book scanner, desktop book scanner.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_117 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Image scanners <strong>capture data about nonliving objects<\/strong> using built-in sensors and software.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_40 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/41-observation-elements-scanned-copies.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430, \u0442\u043a\u0430\u043d\u044c.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/41-observation-elements-scanned-copies.png\" width=\"1190\" height=\"260\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/41-observation-elements-scanned-copies.png 1190w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/41-observation-elements-scanned-copies-980x214.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/41-observation-elements-scanned-copies-480x105.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1190px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3729\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043f\u0438\u0438 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u0434\u043e\u043a\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442, \u043a\u043d\u0438\u0433\u0430, \u0442\u043a\u0430\u043d\u044c.\" title=\"41-observation-elements-scanned-copies\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_118 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Scanned copies (left to right): document, book, fabric.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_119 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Object scanner<\/strong> reads geometric characteristics of living and nonliving objects, converts them into electronic format, and sends them to a computer. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/3D_scanning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3D scanning<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1LbACyx4Hy3SawQsoQn1F2Kp3eM-A03UqvctnxYqz9sk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Structured-light_3D_scanner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Structured-light 3D scanner<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1dJng8vOtOVbrp_rrqA5Z4zJLTuq3svCMkjXe9zbmC-U\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_41 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/42-observation-elements-scantech-object-scanners.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 Scantech.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/42-observation-elements-scantech-object-scanners.png\" width=\"1134\" height=\"350\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/42-observation-elements-scantech-object-scanners.png 1134w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/42-observation-elements-scantech-object-scanners-980x302.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/42-observation-elements-scantech-object-scanners-480x148.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1134px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3730\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 Scantech.\" title=\"42-observation-elements-scantech-object-scanners\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_120 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Object scanners by Scantech. Manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.3d-scantech.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3D ScanTech<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1EC9DlRa-EE6kZRsAdSGvMzJf18Nn2HSsOxh2Wxza8eI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_121 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Examples of Scantech object scanner use:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Y9Y76R3pGps\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SCANTECH iReal 3D V3.0 - Empower Smart 3D Scanning<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/11ZYVVUDpOAMcq0r_Xp1pU6wqIf6DxyFLmXyGp2BfwhY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=H3RO0VSCQ_0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Automated 3D Scanning and Inspection with Scantech SIMSCAN<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1B14fXm0DrQnD_Pm3PYEpTN4XaOrRM36GH6kIOfBvalg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=EMTrwyW19es\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How to Obtain Subway 3D Point Cloud Data by 3D Scanning Technology<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1YFXXa4MlB9lcUoJktaZMFoQfe-avY7dbUS_NFEtsIpQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Object scanners are used for creating scanning systems.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_42 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/43-observation-elements-object-scanning-systems.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): Sizestream, Texel, mPort, Scantech, Botspot.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/43-observation-elements-object-scanning-systems.png\" width=\"1010\" height=\"982\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/43-observation-elements-object-scanning-systems.png 1010w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/43-observation-elements-object-scanning-systems-980x953.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/43-observation-elements-object-scanning-systems-480x467.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1010px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3731\" alt=\"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): Sizestream, Texel, mPort, Scantech, Botspot.\" title=\"43-observation-elements-object-scanning-systems\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_122 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Object scanning systems (left to right top to bottom): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sizestream.com\/ss20\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sizestream<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1kLuTdLafoviziaQggmqMbGqheTKSxnr9RI9-Bi59Reg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/texel.graphics\/3d-scanners\/portal-mx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Texel<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1TaI9luQwzgy7DJR9-QsZwtlqlHEkdVHf3_G3nmf3vX4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/mport.com\/details.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">mPort<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1lSrNlnmGrbXoNnLpYdBiNWvqRAaS2X_Eb2NUQZUm3v0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.3d-scantech.com\/product\/autoscan-k-3d-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scantech<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1rhhduBbHSJD2PJqusgt_IBjfHpSMFHZsBxpQGmPuD9M\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.botspot.de\/botscan-neo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Botspot<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/14Fi29oL8Bwh4Cvge4dk_3LHudQK9h0EvudKjWoeEw6s\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_123 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Examples of 3D scanning system use:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eyi-lCUl_w0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Size Stream 3D Scanning Technology<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1w3ZBAb0-PLUD5HUBL7l2YYrTRtZJzZNxXKiRkU3htOg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=N-UAEVD1viQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CR hub: 3D scanners and full body scanning with Botspot<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1GWY545iw1DLeGz7RJ23r1YTpqRJBE0BAXTxTf1pUBw0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=sJ40hyMjCHQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AutoScan-K 3D System - Highly Safe and Effective Automatic Inspection System<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1rhhduBbHSJD2PJqusgt_IBjfHpSMFHZsBxpQGmPuD9M\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Object scanners are produced as gadgets for mobile computers.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_43 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/44-observation-elements-object-scanner-for-mobile-computers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Structure, 3D Systems.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/44-observation-elements-object-scanner-for-mobile-computers.png\" width=\"514\" height=\"256\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/44-observation-elements-object-scanner-for-mobile-computers.png 514w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/44-observation-elements-object-scanner-for-mobile-computers-480x239.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 514px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3732\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Structure, 3D Systems.\" title=\"44-observation-elements-object-scanner-for-mobile-computers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_124 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Object scanners for mobile computers (left to right): <a href=\"https:\/\/structure.io\/structure-sensor-pro\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Structure<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1pFG00_ct-kHNMQGynh1WATY_OZOhnnv3Dyg4NuEAVcM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.3dsystems.com\/press-releases\/3d-systems-announces-new-isense-3d-scanner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3D Systems<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1w5CqNa_aoY4xLXWbCcmc22m2o7CSC_AQFnYNSGWfbUk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_125 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Examples of Structure object scanner use for mobile computers (gadget):<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=nFyT2q8f_i4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Structure Sensor Tutorial: Viewer and Scanner Demo Apps<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1J7CSvVR8a-7l4K6qhPUh_cSa5vp40kg01TN_HXS0B6E\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eYPmvgl83hU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Using the Structure 3D Scanner<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1dDbjYbXmh7BEKFzV32qNTCVzoNcKQKzNvxj73NVZ0vg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=XA7FMoNAK9M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Canvas: Create A 3D Model Of Your Home In Minutes<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1UlYc7msI6qyaF1PZvkJiFXPz_iYgjisyy9h0aY6v1Uc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Object scanners <strong>capture data about living and nonliving objects<\/strong> using built-in sensors and software.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_44 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/45-observation-elements-scanning-process-with-artec-scanner.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430 Artec.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/45-observation-elements-scanning-process-with-artec-scanner.png\" width=\"1202\" height=\"798\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/45-observation-elements-scanning-process-with-artec-scanner.png 1202w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/45-observation-elements-scanning-process-with-artec-scanner-980x651.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/45-observation-elements-scanning-process-with-artec-scanner-480x319.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1202px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3733\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u043e\u0446\u0435\u0441\u0441 \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u0441\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430 Artec.\" title=\"45-observation-elements-scanning-process-with-artec-scanner\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_126 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Artec scanning process. Manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.artec3d.com\/portable-3d-scanners\/artec-spider\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Industrial 3D Scanner | Space Spider<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1V-X8Yljg_FgQXyP3U0EwbamesOjQVXqkh12yCBIiDTc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_127 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Other manufacturers: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.einscan.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Einscan<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1eNL1x1BLr_2UyaoiERHzlP8I5jgudMqfescEHZBuiDQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.creaform3d.com\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Creaform<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/16Oz76rm9nvos5YjIuMQ2kpiuCAKObNntazZB9ghwZl4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/scoobe3d.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scoobe3D<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1m4ZeyGFha8ewCTq5kwQ_2L3fX3UXcpq02oJyDopwTXo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fit3d.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fit3D<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1NjKnJnoY_z8vUU3uXKdvN-YkHRH28Q_0QQWKeJGCDkM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/matterandform.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MatterandForm<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1UQxQAnesfeDxdT4FtN9OTATLPHeY37pphutiqzMRyrc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em> and others.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Space scanner<\/strong> reads geometric characteristics and structural properties of living and nonliving objects over a large area, converts them into electronic format, and sends them to a computer. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Lidar\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Lidar<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1bu0M9E5cRlUGlg9LXr5EAPgcsVfh1Ff2IFEMEhJ0rqY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Geological_structure_measurement_by_LiDAR\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geological structure measurement by LiDAR<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1IJCAHrEOUaNPB4uPJCNuk7Bhu5fCPeAgOB8G2nb8Avw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Hyperspectral_imaging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hyperspectral imaging<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1SHu7ToSnvhN74Su6gKiePOaqkSMFQbpiMsre9CpldHc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Scientific article: <a href=\"https:\/\/robomechjournal.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40648-018-0104-z\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Consistent map building in petrochemical complexes for firefighter robots using SLAM based on GPS and LIDAR<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PQGHNx_fI9FocPXMSB7GvgmMlLb6lmm1b_iEko2KYKE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_45 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/46-observation-elements-leica-geosystems-spatial-scanners.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432 Leica Geosystems.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/46-observation-elements-leica-geosystems-spatial-scanners.png\" width=\"1096\" height=\"926\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/46-observation-elements-leica-geosystems-spatial-scanners.png 1096w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/46-observation-elements-leica-geosystems-spatial-scanners-980x828.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/46-observation-elements-leica-geosystems-spatial-scanners-480x406.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1096px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3734\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432 Leica Geosystems.\" title=\"46-observation-elements-leica-geosystems-spatial-scanners\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_128 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Leica Geosystems space scanners. Manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/leica-geosystems.com\/products\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Leica Geosystems<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1XM8bypNM_jF0pMJS1t0E0QXdC6eKLvq4Q6WAHDYYMVc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>]. Manufacturer promo site: <a href=\"https:\/\/shop.leica-geosystems.com\/leica-blk\/blk2fly\/overview\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BLK2FLY | Leica Geosystems<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Wn3etLbFB4-vHOqEwbgMZstN7i0myH5tV5DunCWUCe8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_129 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Examples of Leica Geosystems space scanners use:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eNtdCY2uICA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A Tutorial for the Cyclone FIELD 360 App with Andy Fontana<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1tjWUyw6FIw845AMThcKp_jXU-mKNSMV0MMddq044dG0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cUI6HD_d89k\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Laser Scanning: Chapter 1 of 3 - The Basics<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/19hbHCe5ng7c6730OasiDd4ph3XVdeXMzqXfhbNjxudU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TvhWS9X0vBY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Leica Geosystems Mobile Reality Capture<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/11Q56CKH9ytwj_GotgvbCA6vyrPSRFbSYoEBDs3GG4H8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=2lXWZRPEcMc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Enabling city digitisation wherever you can go<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1uCfB47nRnRSOWIgtpvQbJZg3oDS6aWGDhYpQz_iXtuo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=7pcB7rVkg8Q\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Railway Mapping - Leica Pegasus:Two<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Q0QKCKA6c9SCL3b3oNna3m9IUShe0RcFtNRR7sDk2-8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=HaDg3gcbuqY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scanning an Entire Building with Leica BLK2FLY and Andy Fontana<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1C4eH26_GCNb0_scK2mgxO_hPeUCSZunuy07CzCtdTlA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=c6K5byDCkyE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">[Open-Source] Towards High-Performance Solid-State-LiDAR-Inertial Odometry and Mapping<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1oyTGEbKN2IsEW8xyx3_c4c2MKa_erDO9ucu_asDNPRw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=x13TVnXZfOI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3D LiDAR Mapping using Hesai PandarGT<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1RbZ10bwZLQoT1NFJbeT1vQrqhNgNOnx5fYWo-eUbdzI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ljD1p9Nv9d4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pointcloud Map of Shinjuku<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1n0ahiFnbDMvia8WA_V4z8MZVYvYVmU6Z7jvr21y51dc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Win0V53K8fM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3D SLAM using Kinect 360<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ad0Y5mYwz49k5oEkWXsRdl13bjwznTlgtUT2mopt2hI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=IMSozUpFFkU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Autonomous Aerial Navigation in Confined Indoor Environments<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1v08FgPLd_wbdFQMnRxKAsLTeC38FdB4IxMPmXYHWMew\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>Space scanners <strong>capture data about living and nonliving objects<\/strong> over a large area using built-in sensors and software.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_46 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/47-observation-elements-scanned-spaces.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0432 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435) \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f Leica Geosystems.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/47-observation-elements-scanned-spaces.png\" width=\"1126\" height=\"954\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/47-observation-elements-scanned-spaces.png 1126w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/47-observation-elements-scanned-spaces-980x830.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/47-observation-elements-scanned-spaces-480x407.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1126px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3735\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 (\u0432 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435) \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f Leica Geosystems.\" title=\"47-observation-elements-scanned-spaces\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_130 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Scanned spaces (in electronic format) using Leica Geosystems equipment.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_131 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Space scanners may be based on photogrammetry. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Photogrammetry\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Photogrammetry<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1yjArE3SPfSNpWfsS0fLRhZrfe1-TfSkW7PKdeZYl08I\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_47 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/48-observation-elements-image-of-scanned-space.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (\u0432 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435) \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f Matterport, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/48-observation-elements-image-of-scanned-space.png\" width=\"1200\" height=\"680\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/48-observation-elements-image-of-scanned-space.png 1200w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/48-observation-elements-image-of-scanned-space-980x555.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/48-observation-elements-image-of-scanned-space-480x272.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1200px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3736\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0440\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0435 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0432\u043e (\u0432 \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u043c \u0444\u043e\u0440\u043c\u0430\u0442\u0435) \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f Matterport, \u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u0430\u044e\u0449\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0446\u0438\u043f\u0443 \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0438.\" title=\"48-observation-elements-image-of-scanned-space\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_132 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Scanned space (electronic format) using Matterport equipment, operating on the photogrammetry principle. Manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/matterport.com\/cameras\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3D cameras and iPhone image capture app | Matterport<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1R1XHHI5Ut1jm7wJPC7vV0__goluStYVXtXmId7P-vRg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>]. Scanning example: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=xoikIW0i1vo\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">360\u00b0 camera (Insta360 ONE X) and Matterport port for easy 3D scanning and object photography<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/15T41Wdy6kKBt5IqjaJxfm_ufoQmrv1p-IW3kmwgJnpQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_133 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Other manufacturers: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.teledyneimaging.com\/en\/geospatial\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Teledyne<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1XkUIzQX2_ttMcVrB-Wp02OB8OWXjugH6OAhHRkIEekc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.topcon.co.jp\/positioning\/topcon\/products\/product\/3dscanner\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Topcon<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/103DlQK9a320mBYsY9L_27s5GTKrVV1wK3tjC3Q0OZQ4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rieglusa.com\/index.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Riegl USA<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1H_ut-O_8itKTCUXkPqahLpWdSK9u-Jkh1rDL9-NDcP8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.livoxtech.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Livox<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/18L3Im0QbNHuxg0I_ww4T5LZC3hK__KvZYPT6JMVIvPA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.faro.com\/de-DE\/Products\/Hardware\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Faro<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ev9qRggosZl8nNmVZAqvj_1vLaHkgWUbjvyv1nLirVQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/ouster.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ouster<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1KYsJTwWI25E0bUE9oW5WCqesF8zB-7t5jKYWvet7pCQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/velodynelidar.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Velodyne Lidar<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1VOJKiCzMd4_8hLJzZFqoEO8SafG-0KPu2PamtyNSR8Q\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/waymo.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Waymo<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/14LTxKzNV7LEOn40IeQo85IrRPKM7ePRxWIGgKcYmRRI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.baraja.com\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Baraja<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1JUGjgwGrRaEsDU6PP8dqCr_GataOSuwRyeLXQTtijxQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em> and others.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_134 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Automobiles<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_135 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Automobile<\/strong> is an aggregate of electronic devices containing a video camera, microphone, speed sensor, proximity sensor, breathing sensor, heartbeat sensor, temperature sensor, rain sensor, fuel sensor, tampering sensor, sonar, radar, lidar, Wi-Fi modules, Bluetooth, GNSS, and other sensors and modules, as well as software. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Car\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Car<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1YaRgYXr0niHfyIaaAl_S90OfEVVgVFlDwig6JVta8X8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_48 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/49-observation-elements-cars.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/49-observation-elements-cars.png\" width=\"1200\" height=\"666\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/49-observation-elements-cars.png 1200w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/49-observation-elements-cars-980x544.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/49-observation-elements-cars-480x266.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1200px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3737\" alt=\"\u0410\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0438.\" title=\"49-observation-elements-cars\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_136 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Automobiles.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_137 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Automobiles <strong>capture data about living and nonliving objects<\/strong> in real time using built-in sensors, modules, and software. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Automatic_vehicle_location\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Automatic vehicle location<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1uKItYMxGUOPKAg437W43hxfcuNIwQRuKfX3_sYQGVPg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>References to articles and examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.clickorlando.com\/news\/2017\/08\/23\/car-tech-privacy-your-cars-infotainment-system-might-be-grabbing-data-from-your-phone\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Car tech privacy: Your car's infotainment system might be grabbing data from your phone<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1xrMKtoDLa2yI5h17zBvRLXmXLxvjv0fE9noAGH0lTN8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=E0DQEVgJY5k\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">2016 R&D Showcase - Project iVe - Forensics for Vehicle Infotainment and Navigation Systems<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1n5YY4n6vHvM-WwcFImgSjCaUK2PtDxvod0WX_EO7aMk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/fleetgo.com\/kb\/technology\/gps-black-box\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GPS Black Box<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1UQN75V9kF9TY5oI1MSR2yVdyDZM1Etey9uF2NPquHrM\/edit?usp=sharing\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.businessinsider.com\/how-googles-self-driving-cars-see-the-world-2015-10\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How Google's Self-Driving Cars See the World<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1xCpnj4Hhn1x2hZXFifKGctVPZa9G5VKNZ82PzOQ2JdA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There are more than 1.4 billion automobiles worldwide, corresponding to over 19% of the Earth\u2019s population. Research findings by Hedges Company: <a href=\"https:\/\/hedgescompany.com\/blog\/2021\/06\/how-many-cars-are-there-in-the-world\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How Many Cars Are There In The World?<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/13ZtRHD6do7l8KmX9qmNrp34K0_y4bbmJ6eFz6Vw6GqA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_countries_by_vehicles_per_capita\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">List of countries and territories by motor vehicles per capita<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1IqzHge3GhXRM3N4hdOD6GUcwalwddFMaFtsBkAkT5O4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_138 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Cameras<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_139 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Video surveillance camera<\/strong> is an electronic device for conducting external, internal, and covert video surveillance outdoors and\/or indoors, which may contain a video camera, microphone, motion sensor, light sensor, thermal sensor, infrared illumination (for nighttime recording), radar, Wi-Fi module, and more. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Closed-circuit_television_camera\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Closed-circuit television camera<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1KOPMiZ4yUiVovH2JJYo7UGisrl8C_9JLfjbjmZrPoJk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_49 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/50-observation-elements-outdoor-surveillance-cameras.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e (\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/50-observation-elements-outdoor-surveillance-cameras.png\" width=\"1190\" height=\"744\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/50-observation-elements-outdoor-surveillance-cameras.png 1190w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/50-observation-elements-outdoor-surveillance-cameras-980x613.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/50-observation-elements-outdoor-surveillance-cameras-480x300.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1190px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3738\" alt=\"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e (\u043d\u0430\u0440\u0443\u0436\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e) \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.\" title=\"50-observation-elements-outdoor-surveillance-cameras\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_140 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Cameras for external (outdoor) video surveillance.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_50 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/51-observation-elements-indoor-cctv-cameras.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/51-observation-elements-indoor-cctv-cameras.png\" width=\"1178\" height=\"332\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/51-observation-elements-indoor-cctv-cameras.png 1178w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/51-observation-elements-indoor-cctv-cameras-980x276.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/51-observation-elements-indoor-cctv-cameras-480x135.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1178px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3739\" alt=\"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.\" title=\"51-observation-elements-indoor-cctv-cameras\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_141 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Cameras for internal video surveillance.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_51 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/52-observation-elements-hidden-cctv-cameras.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0445, Wi-Fi-\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u044b\u043c\u0430, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043a, \u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0430\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/52-observation-elements-hidden-cctv-cameras.png\" width=\"1128\" height=\"790\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/52-observation-elements-hidden-cctv-cameras.png 1128w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/52-observation-elements-hidden-cctv-cameras-980x686.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/52-observation-elements-hidden-cctv-cameras-480x336.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1128px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3740\" alt=\"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u0432 \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0430\u0445, Wi-Fi-\u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0432 \u0434\u0430\u0442\u0447\u0438\u043a\u0435 \u0434\u044b\u043c\u0430, \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437\u043e\u043a, \u0438\u043c\u0438\u0442\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043b\u0430\u043c\u043f\u043e\u0447\u043a\u0438.\" title=\"52-observation-elements-hidden-cctv-cameras\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_142 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Cameras for covert video surveillance (left to right top to bottom): in wall clocks, Wi-Fi camera, in motion sensor, in smoke detector, video peephole, light bulb imitation.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_143 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Video surveillance cameras have a built-in microphone or one can be additionally installed.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_52 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/53-observation-elements-microphones-for-external-and-internal-surveillance.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d (\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430), \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d, \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/53-observation-elements-microphones-for-external-and-internal-surveillance.png\" width=\"1090\" height=\"558\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/53-observation-elements-microphones-for-external-and-internal-surveillance.png 1090w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/53-observation-elements-microphones-for-external-and-internal-surveillance-980x502.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/53-observation-elements-microphones-for-external-and-internal-surveillance-480x246.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1090px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3741\" alt=\"\u041c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u043d\u0435\u0448\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u0438 \u0432\u043d\u0443\u0442\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0435\u0433\u043e \u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d (\u043d\u0435 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430), \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d, \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0449\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.\" title=\"53-observation-elements-microphones-for-external-and-internal-surveillance\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_144 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Microphones for external and internal surveillance (left to right top to bottom): outdoor microphone (not a camera), outdoor omnidirectional microphone, indoor microphone (manufacturer sites: <a href=\"https:\/\/ellipsesecurity.com\/product\/mico-mic-outdoor-cctv-microphone\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MICO-MIC - Microphone for outdoor audio surveillance<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1wCjYwKrE3QWYEPjx-Ejd3m70WFMtPckm_J-UUMEsKeU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/ellipsesecurity.com\/product\/sm1-w-outdoor-cctv-microphone-omni-directional\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SM1-W - Outdoor omnidirectional surveillance microphone<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1aViTV909yYl1fTzcaU__RLOw7rO4ydolT4sAF3z7rY8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/ellipsesecurity.com\/product\/mic-cube-surveillance-microphone-cube\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MIC-CUBE - Cube microphone for audio surveillance<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1hKt3TYZGs_2Tpenxb_N-vQn_yOBTo-2h4MnTImerlbU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>]); ceiling microphone for indoors, outdoor microphone (manufacturer sites: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sponcomm.com\/ceiling-digital-sound-pick-up-p00139p1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Digital sound sensor<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1tMmJkcgKdpApuFqhF3gSEdVCefQpEetlAU2-y1BVqdY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sponcomm.com\/outdoor-gun-sound-pick-up-p00141p1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Outdoor sound sensor<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1byQoGXUEdpDoQx8o0-OX1c11kZbKWBQXIQehJdT6pUA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>]).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_145 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Video surveillance cameras with thermal sensors are separate devices.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_53 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/54-observation-elements-thermal-imaging-surveillance-cameras.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/54-observation-elements-thermal-imaging-surveillance-cameras.png\" width=\"868\" height=\"648\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/54-observation-elements-thermal-imaging-surveillance-cameras.png 868w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/54-observation-elements-thermal-imaging-surveillance-cameras-480x358.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 868px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3742\" alt=\"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0438\u0437\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.\" title=\"54-observation-elements-thermal-imaging-surveillance-cameras\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_146 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Thermal video surveillance cameras. Manufacturer sites: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dahuasecurity.com\/fr\/products\/All-Products\/Thermal-Cameras\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dahua Thermal cameras<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1euElZz5f73l2rANIQCRP8x-HFXUFd5ZFA28cKl6B0vE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.hikvision.com\/en\/products\/Thermal-Products\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hikvision Thermal cameras<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1AnIsJWUFPzKeDJBFp9zUQHj4kv77Q6VPKWKDehvQlAs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.flir.com\/browse\/security\/thermal-security-cameras\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Teledyne FLIR Security thermal cameras<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1gC9q9f0ftcVg9G-1aShSCk4N-aGc6PGOHuHXosuxOKE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_147 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Video surveillance cameras with radar are also separate devices.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_54 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/55-observation-elements-cctv-cameras-with-radar.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/55-observation-elements-cctv-cameras-with-radar.png\" width=\"748\" height=\"294\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/55-observation-elements-cctv-cameras-with-radar.png 748w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/55-observation-elements-cctv-cameras-with-radar-480x189.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 748px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3743\" alt=\"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0441 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0430\u0440\u043e\u043c.\" title=\"55-observation-elements-cctv-cameras-with-radar\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_148 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Radar video surveillance cameras. Manufacturer sites: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dahuasecurity.com\/products\/All-Products\/Accessories\/Detectors\/Radar-Systems\/PFR5QI-E60\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PFR5QI-E60<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1zQL7HNLVOZqmLJyvKALr0iWPnJiNIvNIMAMSxaWBEQY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dahuasecurity.com\/products\/All-Products\/Accessories\/Detectors\/Radar-Systems\/PFR5QI-E60-PV\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PFR5QI-E60-PV<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1aUp60Fn2eUgMZnbLuNNFNAbvVSRfjSL0LdjUc0wFfuk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_149 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Video surveillance cameras in intercoms and ATMs.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_55 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/56-observation-elements-cctv-cameras-for-intercoms-and-atms.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/56-observation-elements-cctv-cameras-for-intercoms-and-atms.png\" width=\"1048\" height=\"362\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/56-observation-elements-cctv-cameras-for-intercoms-and-atms.png 1048w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/56-observation-elements-cctv-cameras-for-intercoms-and-atms-980x339.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/56-observation-elements-cctv-cameras-for-intercoms-and-atms-480x166.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1048px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3744\" alt=\"\u041a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0434\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u043c\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0432.\" title=\"56-observation-elements-cctv-cameras-for-intercoms-and-atms\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_150 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Video surveillance cameras for intercoms and ATMs. Manufacturer sites: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dahuasecurity.com\/products\/All-products\/Video-Intercoms\/IP-Series\/Apartment-Door-Station\/Pro-Series\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Dahua<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1eDKz43Z1RWrKD_6L9EZT4Z90U7Qqi0wt0IYTigh6RO4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.slinex.com\/catalog\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Slinex<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Iy4JVsybOhdWVHKiCPTgA6CsWJm3WzLgapMKJfPKeJ0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.marchnetworks.com\/products-services\/cameras\/specialty-cameras\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">March Networks<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1We69XQ76Sp9QuVwV23e1Pn49i4Ltkbqmh4Hy8ZlO8-g\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_151 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Video surveillance cameras <strong>capture data about living and nonliving objects<\/strong> in real time using video cameras, microphones, and software. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Closed-circuit_television\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Closed-circuit television<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/199vpZnrZJiWhw0XelkGVN5UrRihN2C7tzg5xFCQUHFM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_56 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/57-observation-elements-cctv-dispatch-service.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041d\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/57-observation-elements-cctv-dispatch-service.png\" width=\"1202\" height=\"646\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/57-observation-elements-cctv-dispatch-service.png 1202w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/57-observation-elements-cctv-dispatch-service-980x527.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/57-observation-elements-cctv-dispatch-service-480x258.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1202px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3745\" alt=\"\u0421\u0442\u043e\u043b \u0432 \u0440\u0435\u0433\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0441\u043b\u0443\u0436\u0431\u0435 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u041d\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043f\u043e\u043b\u0438\u0446\u0438\u0438 \u041d\u0438\u0434\u0435\u0440\u043b\u0430\u043d\u0434\u043e\u0432.\" title=\"57-observation-elements-cctv-dispatch-service\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_152 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Desk in the regional video surveillance dispatch center of the National Police of the Netherlands.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_153 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>There are more than 1 billion video surveillance cameras installed by governments worldwide. CNBC article: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cnbc.com\/2019\/12\/06\/one-billion-surveillance-cameras-will-be-watching-globally-in-2021.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">One billion surveillance cameras will be watching around the world in 2021, a new study says<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1OwybcAsVzZp3vLAVZkntSk28DpELa5l6Yi6k9W-CQIE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_57 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/58-observation-elements-monitor-wall-with-fifteen-42-inch-monitors-for-176-outdoor-cameras-in-the-cctv-control-room.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044e 42-\u0434\u044e\u0439\u043c\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f 176 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/58-observation-elements-monitor-wall-with-fifteen-42-inch-monitors-for-176-outdoor-cameras-in-the-cctv-control-room.png\" width=\"1202\" height=\"492\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/58-observation-elements-monitor-wall-with-fifteen-42-inch-monitors-for-176-outdoor-cameras-in-the-cctv-control-room.png 1202w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/58-observation-elements-monitor-wall-with-fifteen-42-inch-monitors-for-176-outdoor-cameras-in-the-cctv-control-room-980x401.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/58-observation-elements-monitor-wall-with-fifteen-42-inch-monitors-for-176-outdoor-cameras-in-the-cctv-control-room-480x196.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1202px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3747\" alt=\"\u041c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0442\u0435\u043d\u0430 \u0441 \u043f\u044f\u0442\u043d\u0430\u0434\u0446\u0430\u0442\u044c\u044e 42-\u0434\u044e\u0439\u043c\u043e\u0432\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u043c\u043e\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043e\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f 176 \u0443\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u0432 \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0442\u0447\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043a\u043e\u0439 \u0432\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043e\u043d\u0430\u0431\u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f.\" title=\"58-observation-elements-monitor-wall-with-fifteen-42-inch-monitors-for-176-outdoor-cameras-in-the-cctv-control-room\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_154 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Monitor wall with fifteen 42-inch monitors for 176 outdoor cameras in the video surveillance dispatch center.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_155 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Example of video surveillance recording with sound: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=iSegPU1dFvY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Reolink RLC-823a PTZ Auto-Tracking<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/12tAhRSBAwQRZsAc1ECDZmXtmuH1iiqE7EqRQ90zMUY0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Example of infrared illumination video surveillance recording (nighttime shooting): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=j-PIjl18gfk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">@TPSHomicide #13\/2020 CCTV footage<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/16hsQpVxpUhHOVLxXFtw3nqtb-HGu2SRD2PmV551o9Wc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Example of thermal video surveillance recording: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TLN0SsfCXaU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Human VS Thermal - Dahua BF1241 Eureka Series Thermal IPC in Action!<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1SbWWIOPq89HKHyb5wllrtCZKEhTQ9SO9H2GoU2Y-dL4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>; <a href=\"https:\/\/app.skiff.com\/docs\/56071802-3a67-44ff-8629-5abc5409ee07#bnpUQMVe9vYX24KJGrfwY187830OZe%2BR3bSFAaKPZVE%3D\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eureka series - TOP 5 FEATURES<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1pQsi5uIv4Jxv7ag-q3EKEjDSW4NunZDi-E5AmcDp2aA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_156 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>RTLS<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_157 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>RTLS<\/strong> is an aggregate of electronic devices containing antennas, radio frequency tags, and software, united into a single system for determining the location of transport, items, and people in real time. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Real-time_locating_system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Real-time locating system<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1V4g4QEW06HcloRCAIMj44oM75YBFqe-0l6LVqKkNwxc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RTLS\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RTLS<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-fagELAubiotv1VP2G44YCtxxKIt3NNYS4EEvpeY1HQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_58 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/59-observation-elements-rtls-from-siemens.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"RTLS \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Siemens (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u0430\u043d\u043a\u0435\u0440\/\u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 (\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430), \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 (\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e).\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/59-observation-elements-rtls-from-siemens.png\" width=\"1138\" height=\"484\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/59-observation-elements-rtls-from-siemens.png 1138w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/59-observation-elements-rtls-from-siemens-980x417.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/59-observation-elements-rtls-from-siemens-480x204.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1138px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3748\" alt=\"RTLS \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Siemens (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u0430\u043d\u043a\u0435\u0440\/\u0448\u043b\u044e\u0437 (\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430), \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 (\u044f\u0449\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0434\u043e\u043d\u043e\u0432, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0438\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0443\u043c\u0435\u043d\u0442\u043e\u0432, \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0443\u0434\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e).\" title=\"59-observation-elements-rtls-from-siemens\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_158 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>RTLS from Siemens (left to right top to bottom): anchor\/gateway (antenna), radio frequency tags for transport, items, and people (boxes, containers, pallets, cars, forklifts, tools, vessels, and more). Manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220522102515\/https:\/\/new.siemens.com\/ru\/ru\/produkty\/avtomatizacia\/promyshlennaya-identifikaciya\/simatic-rtls1.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SIMATIC RTLS real-time positioning system by Siemens<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Lng3_z50DObFifBtCkyGcu5jLyAOvQLZdHEQ0NAVwio\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_59 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/60-observation-elements-rtls-from-sewio.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"RTLS \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Sewio (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u0430\u043d\u043a\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0430\u043d\u043a\u0435\u0440 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 (\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e).\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/60-observation-elements-rtls-from-sewio.png\" width=\"946\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/60-observation-elements-rtls-from-sewio.png 946w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/60-observation-elements-rtls-from-sewio-480x164.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 946px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3749\" alt=\"RTLS \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Sewio (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u0430\u043d\u043a\u0435\u0440 \u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0430\u043d\u043a\u0435\u0440 \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043b\u0435\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430, \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 (\u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432, \u0442\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0439\u043d\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432, \u0430\u0432\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u0435\u0439, \u043f\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0447\u0438\u043a\u043e\u0432 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0447\u0435\u0433\u043e).\" title=\"60-observation-elements-rtls-from-sewio\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_159 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>RTLS from Sewio (left to right): directional anchor, omnidirectional anchor, radio frequency tags for transport, items, and people (employees, goods, containers, cars, forklifts, and more). Manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sewio.net\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sewio<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/122PyxZMwNhFpbAdpUC8m2JZOyfyjOLJkEaCYJuQmJKA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_60 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/61-observation-elements-rtls-from-geoplan.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"RTLS \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Geoplan (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 (\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430), \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/61-observation-elements-rtls-from-geoplan.png\" width=\"806\" height=\"288\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/61-observation-elements-rtls-from-geoplan.png 806w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/61-observation-elements-rtls-from-geoplan-480x172.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 806px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3750\" alt=\"RTLS \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Geoplan (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u043b\u043e\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 (\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430), \u0434\u0438\u0441\u043f\u043b\u0435\u0439 \u0441\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u044f\u043d\u0438\u044f, \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0430 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u0441\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0443\u0434\u043d\u0438\u043a\u0430.\" title=\"61-observation-elements-rtls-from-geoplan\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_160 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>RTLS from Geoplan (left to right): locator (antenna), status display, radio frequency tag for employee. Manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.geoplan.kr\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Geoplan (\uc9c0\uc624\ud50c\ub79c)<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/14k95TFcbLRy7bglUt_wMmqCZ0GTkq9faAIsQkcyyqIY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_61 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/62-observation-elements-rtls-from-nanjing-wo-xu-wireless.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"RTLS \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Nanjing Wo Xu Wireless (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u0430\u043d\u043a\u0435\u0440 (\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430), \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/62-observation-elements-rtls-from-nanjing-wo-xu-wireless.png\" width=\"942\" height=\"326\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/62-observation-elements-rtls-from-nanjing-wo-xu-wireless.png 942w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/62-observation-elements-rtls-from-nanjing-wo-xu-wireless-480x166.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 942px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3751\" alt=\"RTLS \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Nanjing Wo Xu Wireless (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u0430\u043d\u043a\u0435\u0440 (\u0430\u043d\u0442\u0435\u043d\u043d\u0430), \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0441\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043b\u0430 \u0438 \u043f\u0440\u0435\u0434\u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u0432.\" title=\"62-observation-elements-rtls-from-nanjing-wo-xu-wireless\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_161 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>RTLS from Nanjing Wo Xu Wireless (left to right): anchor (antenna), radio frequency tags for personnel and items. Manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.uwbleader.com\/products\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nanjing Woxu Wireless Co.,Ltd<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1OYDE1eQKLLTTTn2it3UDGqKrcWQWzeMxj56nqJXywDs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_162 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Other manufacturers: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.quuppa.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quuppa<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/12rk4ynpmQNNtgt6ix163j8jWzJewDA-5jhJBfVBSCmk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.pozyx.io\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pozyx<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1OHCt4ymYb4Gzu_SQlBB4jCyiPHJbaeoRGXxAd1-4KCk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.blueiot.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">BlueIOT<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1h5684g422HYeExPW_5btZ225cv-5LI6o6-ysHgsg8pM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.navbea.com\/en\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Navbea<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1IWCzJlh9TOA_xdo7wnyk27_RH4so1KdpK3M9EJLdeWY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/eliko.tech\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eliko<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Edr7Z8EWDHSYzIDbn6AItNEwxYZNgjt8YyEsxFuTeNU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/zerokey.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ZeroKey<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Xin0bIEuSAdIawg9k5YM5J94k6gZXlnloXrAucFlTuk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/centrak.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CenTrak<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1nETMnrm6ynAgoJajKnMPLE9JBy5DKJnRuSxIl9xOw6c\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.kathrein-solutions.com\/products\/rtls\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Kathrein<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1jCSI-bzi8fb4NQmRUO4_dQymYcIBfE3UUPSWFKUDtf8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.redpointpositioning.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Redpoint Positioning<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1D1UunJPfX3PkIgioNu_UhtRLxpHUcyzI7G7oBf_Gg8w\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.infsoft.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Infsoft<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1AeXrBCSmJ0ngtiiiUPEz9TvmgmKYY6zprB8xE6Viizw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/prenavis.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Prenavis<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/193Xal8Drj38kBTHRIyLn0PSn-aJhwoVAeEPpta5clxo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.realtimenetworks.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Real Time Networks<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Wy2hbBaOJ3KNNOQ085oW1rayg-LytpVpYatu8MpJ4Y0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em> and others.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_62 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/63-observation-elements-general-rtlsconnection-diagram-from-blueiot.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f RTLS \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 BlueIOT.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/63-observation-elements-general-rtlsconnection-diagram-from-blueiot.png\" width=\"1140\" height=\"622\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/63-observation-elements-general-rtlsconnection-diagram-from-blueiot.png 1140w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/63-observation-elements-general-rtlsconnection-diagram-from-blueiot-980x535.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/63-observation-elements-general-rtlsconnection-diagram-from-blueiot-480x262.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1140px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3752\" alt=\"\u041e\u0431\u0449\u0430\u044f \u0441\u0445\u0435\u043c\u0430 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f RTLS \u043e\u0442 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 BlueIOT.\" title=\"63-observation-elements-general-rtlsconnection-diagram-from-blueiot\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_163 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>General RTLS connection scheme from BlueIOT. Manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.blueiot.com\/product\/blueiot-rtls\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Blueiot Real Time Locating System (RTLS)<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1NBoyuSqQYS_8qS9jGS5kJpfTisaXs88QvEA2DVc9Y6s\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_164 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>RTLS <strong>capture data about living and nonliving objects<\/strong> in real time using multilateration, triangulation, and built-in radar. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Real-time_locating_system#Ranging_and_angulating\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Real-time locating system<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/152wZLAUg1UJQPE_cKn1IkN6uVoZH238lBdiETenx8SA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/ru.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/RTLS#%D0%9C%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%B4%D1%8B_%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B8%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%8F\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RTLS<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1bKpewC5Lhx0PgTUO5QmKUqVyNR3qC8z7NVxO4YZ0HNk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radiolocation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Radar<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/15wNevmsx-873qVMK7KP6fmoeUTjwHFb_qCrfzOtsNlA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>References to scientific articles, lectures, and examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/330855670_Control_and_application_of_accuracy_positioning_estimation_based_real-time_location_system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Control and application of accuracy positioning estimation based real-time location system<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1aLOcCZi25b5dxOrtuQapoYmJzMvEEinN0M6JUmN7WNY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/261480432_Experimental_study_of_the_antenna_influence_in_RTLS_based-on_RFID\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Experimental study of the antenna influence in RTLS based-on RFID<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1xtISUbSaRZIKKvbGfsnE5Da-ZphF5wspNlDTHGOYQLs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/276919686_Electrically_Small_Antenna_Design_for_Low_Frequency_Systems\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Electrically Small Antenna Design for Low Frequency Systems<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1BW9bXRtmejbw99lIDTt0Ps8NPQE34sh6Raqry2kCsR0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=lCnEs56ieWQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sequitur RTLS - Indoor Localization on Multiple Floors<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1MwNuunklJBjw-wdJUdNrRPVnUhMsRjmYMZb88YW_1Lk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=k2j1pZEG3oY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Quuppa | Indoor Positioning Systems | Real-time Location Services (RTLS)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1rzS0wTDt3XZSLhd27kXTsX0k4EMNtyjMFWg-LBxkVS4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=LLptT2Gwr98\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RTLS Kit Plug&Track<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/17woAcyGAG9h7GCC9FUw9K_JqZ_nJQMUB6aqLKxKkbys\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=wZo1w34wClA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Top 9 industrial use cases of indoor asset tracking using RTLS<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1sbTEoZ0YWhp_xhTw4ouyo_1OmUcwx_aOfiHqtFTu5Ak\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=YNBLmZC_HJg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SIMATIC RTLS \u2013 real-time positioning system<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/14SNC4AsRSZxUpZDCLdg2jK96v92BAPvs64tOqyqP7Uc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jO6-TKkKj-I\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tag Direction and RTLS with Passive UHF RFID<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/18lQHzRQQYEN687E0r4w0KAuhHA33iHyrS4PGxY5X12Q\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=DZrh7QE1N-U\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MK UWB Kit RTLS<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1oqVanijRhBZArNnCmjkT2eyPOGZDTPsYjUqy9AcVXwI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=o0dln_Zgp_4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EHIGH UWB RTLS Real time location tracking Video Collection<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1F_EIx-LqtBMjKxZjVQvoWNTxx-pdfdVZGs0JbpD_tXg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=jvGImyvR1uc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RTLS Tag for Asset and People Tracking<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1J64BC1CurCfk6Z-X_Gnha9tH9PJwpBGfp5KRRxOWDeo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ngt3lQomfXA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RFID gate product video<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1EpcWDgXcT4gf7WPIZz4V9ma5gcBHP9ejtA0h_JmiZek\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=EzPnv8N_cYA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RFID powered indoor GPS<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1uMz1dDCzYXiITeBfF8cAIOsA8ez08JDgyr9ZhHeruDU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=lZ_q0DQnz4w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">UWB RTLS<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-p8ug6BgK7_eMOSwxSlgTXxSsfJZ5vcrUN7CVEyqb6I\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_63 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/64-observation-elements-rtls-software-interface-from-centrak.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f RTLS \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f Centrak.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/64-observation-elements-rtls-software-interface-from-centrak.png\" width=\"1156\" height=\"676\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/64-observation-elements-rtls-software-interface-from-centrak.png 1156w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/64-observation-elements-rtls-software-interface-from-centrak-980x573.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/64-observation-elements-rtls-software-interface-from-centrak-480x281.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1156px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3753\" alt=\"\u0418\u043d\u0442\u0435\u0440\u0444\u0435\u0439\u0441 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c\u043d\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043e\u0431\u0435\u0441\u043f\u0435\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f RTLS \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f Centrak.\" title=\"64-observation-elements-rtls-software-interface-from-centrak\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_165 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>RTLS software interface from CenTrak manufacturer. Article: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.directsupply.com\/blog\/how-real-time-location-systems-can-boost-safety-efficiency\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How real-time locating systems can improve safety and efficiency<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/17I8uV-FGz1w_xlXLCglw5mz0sVUnguGrHU8biR0o86c\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>]. Manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/centrak.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CenTrak<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1nETMnrm6ynAgoJajKnMPLE9JBy5DKJnRuSxIl9xOw6c\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_166 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Readers<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_167 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Reader<\/strong> is an electronic device for reading barcode, magnetic, electronic, radio frequency, biometric, and other data from carriers. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Automatic identification and data capture<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ubnx6O9Bf_BwPfpnxMF7qVRl0gbQpGYnYnsAtTfEBdE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_64 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/65-observation-elements-readers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0448\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/65-observation-elements-readers.png\" width=\"1170\" height=\"386\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/65-observation-elements-readers.png 1170w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/65-observation-elements-readers-980x323.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/65-observation-elements-readers-480x158.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1170px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3755\" alt=\"\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0448\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0432\u043e\u0433\u043e \u043a\u043e\u0434\u0430, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u044d\u043b\u0435\u043a\u0442\u0440\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044c \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445.\" title=\"65-observation-elements-readers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_168 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Readers (left to right): barcode reader, electronic data reader, radio frequency data reader, biometric data reader.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_169 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Barcode reader<\/strong> is an electronic device that reads data from printed barcodes, decodes them, and sends to a computer. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barcode_reader\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barcode reader<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1lI3ynHIBoS2UApzH_hOWJfhvHLsWd7fIa1hsUtuP2wQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Barcode\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barcode<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1KVybieqUQ2UI5sAGxKG1n-Ocp7XwsjcdKAdUVEp9gWI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_65 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/66-observation-elements-barcode-readers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0448\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/66-observation-elements-barcode-readers.png\" width=\"1164\" height=\"746\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/66-observation-elements-barcode-readers.png 1164w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/66-observation-elements-barcode-readers-980x628.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/66-observation-elements-barcode-readers-480x308.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1164px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3756\" alt=\"\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0448\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432.\" title=\"66-observation-elements-barcode-readers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_170 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Barcode readers.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_66 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/67-observation-elements-barcodes.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0428\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u044b (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/67-observation-elements-barcodes.png\" width=\"492\" height=\"186\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/67-observation-elements-barcodes.png 492w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/67-observation-elements-barcodes-480x181.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 492px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3757\" alt=\"\u0428\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u044b (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u043b\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0439\u043d\u044b\u0439, \u043c\u0430\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0439.\" title=\"67-observation-elements-barcodes\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_171 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Barcodes (left to right): linear, matrix.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_172 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Barcode readers are used in the manufacture of automated systems.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_67 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/68-observation-elements-barcode-reading-systems.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0448\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Sick, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Cognex.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/68-observation-elements-barcode-reading-systems.png\" width=\"1156\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/68-observation-elements-barcode-reading-systems.png 1156w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/68-observation-elements-barcode-reading-systems-980x451.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/68-observation-elements-barcode-reading-systems-480x221.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1156px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3758\" alt=\"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0448\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0445\u043e\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u0434\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Sick, \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Cognex.\" title=\"68-observation-elements-barcode-reading-systems\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_173 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Barcode reading systems (left to right): company Sick (manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sick.com\/us\/en\/system-solutions\/track-and-trace-systems\/clv-identification-system\/ops\/p\/p113158\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CLV Operation Identification System<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1irl-dkaMX99hjdyPUm9pIZJGDlCrwGJk1WVi_oGQm7s\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>]), company Cognex (manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cognex.com\/solutions\/logistics-systems-tunnels\/6-sided-tunnels\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">6-sided barcode reading tunnels<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1tj1df9SGIXD9iPL4WWQA4raxCBcTcKjJitI0klL7Rwk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>]).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_174 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Examples of usage of Sick barcode reading system: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vlnEow4gD8c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4Dpro: omnidirectional code reading | SICK AG<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1SAXgYKIwMlcyJq_lSCPquq-Y9gGMI5KSGXoS2DBqr3c\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=KRgWIBfPulA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">4Dpro: pharmaceutical packaging line tracking | SICK AG<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1V5t0PUtg3KknwxmPPi0CurjDrIOAcHXaA3ht3AUhYqM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Examples of usage of Cognex barcode reading system: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=ESBm9kWaqt8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Image-based barcode reading | Cognex<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Ji8gc-4JVIw68srGufUtWiPCc8PYtHVQ2ocM2PGuMIU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cZrCe_SRw1M\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cognex logistics solutions<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1aNg4gp-fkn4Kw3pQMsmGQEg7alTlKAj_wdH3J97ZYI8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Barcode readers <strong>capture data about living and nonliving objects<\/strong> by reading encoded data in barcodes. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Track_and_trace\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Track and trace<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/14Vbu2XjizEQ4wHTO-WMnfkeWOh90Go0sJ3wQFsOnZgc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tracking_system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tracking system<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1QoriQwiB7zSG42kCSfJGw2Mt7OPfjNHd-Rtw3y6cC1E\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Automatic identification and data capture<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ubnx6O9Bf_BwPfpnxMF7qVRl0gbQpGYnYnsAtTfEBdE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Logistics_automation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Logistics automation<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1A2ZsRzSjzOW-1at4uDEtNAGp7KA3DffpetCw2AWZvdc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Articles and examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/papers.ssrn.com\/sol3\/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3879693\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barcode Recognition Techniques: Review & Application<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1jOG6MmtVGxMhaL9YDfCfWICbKYAl2fGzyTJV6fi8UuA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/334941858_STUDENT_DATABASE_MANAGEMENT_AND_ENQUIRY_SYSTEM_USING_BARCODE_SCANNER\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Student database management and enquiry system using barcode scanner<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1nvJdRsZgRTK1DEhVCYg4cz9pTynVyE_fOn12nn0mYyg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/349915735_Faculty_Attendance_Monitoring_System_An_improved_feature_with_Barcode_Scanner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Faculty Attendance Monitoring System: An improved feature with Barcode Scanner<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1x7bq-zwXhCsixK6fcG5Owt2y383EHLwuBU4a2DrB3Gk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/326827344_Classroom_Electronic_Attendance_System_using_Barcode_Scanner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Classroom Electronic Attendance System using Barcode Scanner<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1HGVVSr-7YxY5J-w1kQDrnuMDuHN1h9s5awZc2zJE648\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Yjlgw-gA_nw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Supply Chain Management - Logistics Barcode Printer<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/18F6C3LgXUPjB9ODzJmkCbnnaRPCig5mSgf-0ec5nGHQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Electronic data reader<\/strong> is an electronic device that reads data from smart cards (chip cards) and sends it to a computer. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Card_reader\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Card reader<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/183sk8BhF-ejyWVx728i6sjaGSxDbZMEYeTXtce3Y9Fg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Payment_terminal\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Payment terminal<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/11vYOcMJ89waJc-ZsGS_ET1awFQuCkmvX_imtRtuWwIs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smart_card\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smart card<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1d0xlKEmpmwL6G983IkFWEd_NDXG1caF0H-i7j4CxXPc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_public_transport_smart_cards\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">List of public transport smart cards<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1VB4hLgaq6_57eA9PiD869YhrMRYUbX5P5Nw24WGtVvM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_68 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/69-observation-elements-identity-readers-from-identiv.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442 Identiv.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/69-observation-elements-identity-readers-from-identiv.png\" width=\"862\" height=\"612\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/69-observation-elements-identity-readers-from-identiv.png 862w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/69-observation-elements-identity-readers-from-identiv-480x341.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 862px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3759\" alt=\"\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0443\u0434\u043e\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 \u043e\u0442 Identiv.\" title=\"69-observation-elements-identity-readers-from-identiv\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_175 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>ID card readers by Identiv. Manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.identiv.com\/products\/logical-access-control\/smart-card-readers-writers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smart Card Readers\/Writers<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/15ON2tZvs2_fkRa3DejOktSVIf88iII6ISLuqBrWiCdA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_69 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/70-observation-elements-sim-card-readers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 sim-\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/70-observation-elements-sim-card-readers.png\" width=\"1056\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/70-observation-elements-sim-card-readers.png 1056w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/70-observation-elements-sim-card-readers-980x223.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/70-observation-elements-sim-card-readers-480x109.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1056px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3760\" alt=\"\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 sim-\u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442.\" title=\"70-observation-elements-sim-card-readers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_176 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>SIM card readers.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_70 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/71-observation-elements-bank-card-readers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f Adyen, \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/71-observation-elements-bank-card-readers.png\" width=\"1092\" height=\"808\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/71-observation-elements-bank-card-readers.png 1092w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/71-observation-elements-bank-card-readers-980x725.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/71-observation-elements-bank-card-readers-480x355.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1092px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3761\" alt=\"\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0430\u043d\u043a\u043e\u0432\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043e\u0442 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u044f Adyen, \u0447\u0435\u0442\u044b\u0440\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u0434\u0440\u044f\u0434 \u043e\u0442 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u0438\u0445 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0438\u0437\u0432\u043e\u0434\u0438\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0439.\" title=\"71-observation-elements-bank-card-readers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_177 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Bank card readers (left to right top to bottom): four in a row from manufacturer Adyen (manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.adyen.com\/pos-payments\/terminals\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Adyen payment terminals<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1xmg_s-lxqDNwQeURw1esaROcasSDJoQ_9G-9ykoWs18\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>]), four in a row from other manufacturers.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_178 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Electronic data readers <strong>capture data about people<\/strong> by reading data on a chip. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Electronic_identification\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Electronic identification<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1M1i6C2ssfu5vgt48o3cPaXjwP5rrd1rQJQAnokDCXHc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Access_control\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Access control<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1exB-34g6Hz9ghY1Hxqy0At0ZmHhqUf2wf8SQluDydfU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Automatic identification and data capture<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ubnx6O9Bf_BwPfpnxMF7qVRl0gbQpGYnYnsAtTfEBdE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Articles: <a href=\"https:\/\/news.mit.edu\/2015\/identify-from-credit-card-metadata-0129\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Privacy challenges<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1lKbmomN-QLwo_WOHKDF2V2HTyTxvoFhI6NCAsE_Yd4Q\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/nature.2015.16817\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">People can be identified through their credit-card transactions<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1VgMj-Pr8uuCZwX7lnUF_UoPQLznGZxvN3wkx7iXMNbc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Radio frequency data reader<\/strong> is an electronic device that activates a radio frequency tag, reads its data, and transmits it to a computer. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Radio-frequency_identification\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Radio-frequency identification (RFID)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-4gLlpb9F_2AZWKplXan6swHm-zcXkDB-A71iIPyRzw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Near-field_communication\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Near-field communication (NFC)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/17h_juD1vDyqxuzkyAHZebm3Xx8PLsRDUo4pF5JzMDD4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_71 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/72-observation-elements-rfid-tag-readers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/72-observation-elements-rfid-tag-readers.png\" width=\"1194\" height=\"1026\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/72-observation-elements-rfid-tag-readers.png 1194w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/72-observation-elements-rfid-tag-readers-980x842.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/72-observation-elements-rfid-tag-readers-480x412.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1194px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3762\" alt=\"\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a.\" title=\"72-observation-elements-rfid-tag-readers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_179 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Radio frequency tag readers.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_72 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/73-observation-elements-radio-frequency-tags.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 (\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435).\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/73-observation-elements-radio-frequency-tags.png\" width=\"1182\" height=\"906\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/73-observation-elements-radio-frequency-tags.png 1182w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/73-observation-elements-radio-frequency-tags-980x751.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/73-observation-elements-radio-frequency-tags-480x368.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1182px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3763\" alt=\"\u0420\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043a\u0438 (\u043f\u0430\u0441\u0441\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0430\u043a\u0442\u0438\u0432\u043d\u044b\u0435).\" title=\"73-observation-elements-radio-frequency-tags\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_180 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Radio frequency tags (passive and active).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_181 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Radio frequency tag readers are used in the manufacture of automated systems.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_73 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/74-observation-elements-sick-rfid-reading-systems.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a Sick.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/74-observation-elements-sick-rfid-reading-systems.png\" width=\"1128\" height=\"476\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/74-observation-elements-sick-rfid-reading-systems.png 1128w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/74-observation-elements-sick-rfid-reading-systems-980x414.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/74-observation-elements-sick-rfid-reading-systems-480x203.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1128px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3764\" alt=\"\u0421\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c\u044b \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0440\u0430\u0434\u0438\u043e\u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043a Sick.\" title=\"74-observation-elements-sick-rfid-reading-systems\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_182 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Sick radio frequency tag reading systems. Manufacturer sites: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sick.com\/us\/en\/system-solutions\/track-and-trace-systems\/rfgs-pro\/c\/g292876\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RFGS Pro tracking systems<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/16GKqwcqm0K_TLktVeyA1UY26lFREzVHsBJqZeYdmuok\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.sick.com\/us\/en\/system-solutions\/track-and-trace-systems\/rfms-pro\/c\/g301270\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RFMS Pro tracking systems<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1KirDAP7scwBOxnKLtHPUgwvmNWKbHZRXyoNRbyuq98M\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_183 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Examples of usage for Sick radio frequency tag reading systems: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=1kqozu85kTI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Body identification with RFID<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1G4QLxLmYZgkgI9bCdd24uXedKAyw4L061HGP12b2dAs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hRBpKa7FoTY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Driver assistance in narrow aisle<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1gvgWPspKU-ipsSmFLfDY1rxAfIBzq6JmQ52R-kS8S_Q\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=69Hitxmy77I\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Barcode to RFID data conversion<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1yetCPOY5rRafsHW3f0x9iTzuEnqfFkaIVBUwBL4LT3A\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Radio frequency data readers <strong>capture data about living and nonliving objects<\/strong> by reading data on radio frequency tags (keys, cards, labels). References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Track_and_trace\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Track and trace<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/14Vbu2XjizEQ4wHTO-WMnfkeWOh90Go0sJ3wQFsOnZgc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tracking_system#Person_tracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Person tracking<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1DaiEiI1bYfcPzU4bJ3qrAKZye9eXEzWhiDDFan6E5l4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Automatic identification and data capture<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ubnx6O9Bf_BwPfpnxMF7qVRl0gbQpGYnYnsAtTfEBdE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Logistics_automation\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Logistics automation<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1A2ZsRzSjzOW-1at4uDEtNAGp7KA3DffpetCw2AWZvdc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Automatic_equipment_identification\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Automatic equipment identification<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1a87wktGZvm8pW9PU8xdOD55M7vdTBd39ZjRZymSR0xE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobile_asset_management#Asset_tracking_technology\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Asset tracking technology<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1YQWZWAoTfoOn0972ihKGEYOwrwcLQqYo4FT0r0Bnucc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Smart_label\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smart label<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1EF-bAusaIouhW3nmKBUp8iS3H5q_jlnrTn2yZwrJ8ao\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Articles and examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.fraunhofer.de\/en\/press\/research-news\/2021\/july-2021\/omniconnect-radar-beams-for-networking-and-localizing-objects.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">OmniConnect project: Radar beams for networking and localizing everyday objects<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Fjxe-XpNKLjKO268XL7qxItA6MF3V67WqIx_cd5dB-8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.interaktive-technologien.de\/projekte\/omniconnect\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Omniconnect \u2014 multiple integration of everyday items into a smart home<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1sHPbeo7YcfKgNGDUlI16qNR3RF2acZvL8TsKSu2tmfE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mWVA1BUc9IY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Century RFID Supply chain management solution<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1o0iWajW60KPA2yOG-IV4s5gh18-k534C_Yf0X9yna9I\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=_Gc0P1o_5ic\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Impinj Item Intelligence and the Internet of Things<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/13FNp0qqqxq4PpedSAmw1vEWbzb3I4v1L17N99IT8PaQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=A_uorH34hyw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rfid inventory management system for retail & apparel industry i acube infotech rfid iot solution<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1YcF7K-HMyOVx0N4AUJOlVO4gdQduMfdEnJdxDdqF6-8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=TF8HAhUN_p4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Walk-through RFID Checkout Solution & Smart Cameras<\/a> <span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/10xNMlWkfAXKdqT0YC0S22kzCXq4ThXawdISZ4Hwb7W8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p><strong>Biometric data reader<\/strong> is an electronic device that reads physiological and\/or behavioral characteristics of a living object and sends them to a computer. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biometric_device\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Biometric device<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1fm-hllpMqKFlrEumv9p3hAvGOXk6C-PKrh8pRbLxaZM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Card_reader#Biometric\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Biometric data<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1OdZGkNw8mfM4_e7YEQhpKwmSNW4WIqPqFTvYuXhLe48\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fingerprint_scanner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fingerprint scanner<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-H8KwIN6loLHp0-gVf8jfopzmNSZ2vnHNZw4Uhq2OD0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Biometrics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Biometrics<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1sWujjqP-jzQTrDtwc_dXnPOzGNkVaKxF_79zdD7LXck\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_74 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/75-observation-elements-biometric-data-readers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/75-observation-elements-biometric-data-readers.png\" width=\"1172\" height=\"936\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/75-observation-elements-biometric-data-readers.png 1172w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/75-observation-elements-biometric-data-readers-980x783.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/75-observation-elements-biometric-data-readers-480x383.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1172px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3765\" alt=\"\u0421\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 \u0431\u0438\u043e\u043c\u0435\u0442\u0440\u0438\u0447\u0435\u0441\u043a\u0438\u0445 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445.\" title=\"75-observation-elements-biometric-data-readers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_184 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Biometric data readers.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_185 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Biometric data readers <strong>capture data about people<\/strong> by reading face, eyes, fingerprints, voice, gait, and other characteristics. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tracking_system#Person_tracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Person tracking<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1DaiEiI1bYfcPzU4bJ3qrAKZye9eXEzWhiDDFan6E5l4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Access_control#Electronic_access_control\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Electronic access control<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1oATCA7HqvKnWVIpA0LVt5qr75U4_d_yfYrL3M7d5uJo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Automatic_identification_and_data_capture\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Automatic identification and data capture<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ubnx6O9Bf_BwPfpnxMF7qVRl0gbQpGYnYnsAtTfEBdE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/MALINTENT\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MALINTENT<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1G0EVR5OqaB-XkeSLAWtwp8m7HAXrjK5sdaUvoiwKi_k\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Facial_recognition_system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Facial recognition system<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1jXwZX42gNvSniSCEARHkgR58mBMRqqw_xh0PF3gOZW0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vein_matching\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vein matching<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1TB6IF2lDaDLqItHgtVy-ajTdC_zTN5iIszh830VLAOM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Fingerprint\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fingerprint<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1oVgnhHb8KrMZzRdx_zs-K95VATpC7NvwQe2qaroMi-g\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Retinal_scan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Retinal scan<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1CVLFvsTYz_0myhjPrSYvUgmob6b2iugpR40YeSBkLwU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Eye_vein_verification\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Eye vein verification<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Jd53uMDuFX_F8Wj8VlYB2X91IRQhct8gnn4M8qnCvXU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Iris_recognition\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Iris recognition<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/18DVXLiB5Z7nHSaNMveyi1CpKrpl0UVnpt1kMCjD0MXo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Gait_analysis#Gait_as_biometrics\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gait as biometrics<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1jG-OSVXoxXyxDUuMwqfJItc3R8aBaM-ZiBgJYw1dGxw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p><strong>Universal reader<\/strong> is an electronic device that can read multiple data types and send them to a computer.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_75 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/76-observation-elements-telpo-universal-readers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 Telpo.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/76-observation-elements-telpo-universal-readers.png\" width=\"874\" height=\"410\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/76-observation-elements-telpo-universal-readers.png 874w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/76-observation-elements-telpo-universal-readers-480x225.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 874px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3766\" alt=\"\u0423\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0441\u0430\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441\u0447\u0438\u0442\u044b\u0432\u0430\u0442\u0435\u043b\u0438 Telpo.\" title=\"76-observation-elements-telpo-universal-readers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_186 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Universal Telpo readers. Manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.telpo.com.cn\/biometric-device\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Telpo: Biometric devices<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1J3FPQaXFBRsBmJn0f8j9uqfkVT7JnfkMyYNdfv2Z3d4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>]. Video: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=W9MDlVdoZvk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Telpo D2 | Identity verification workstation<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1YoOFhf3QZqyzJKfM4NxvrgYItIDR2gA0SR7-8vx5tTA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_187 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Screeners<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_188 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Screener<\/strong> is an electronic device that reads the external and internal structure of living and nonliving objects and sends the data to a computer. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cargo_scanning\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cargo scanning<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/13JNmPipYLulTFURgULwSp9kNyqhrmP3uEY17BlzGEZU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Full_body_scanner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Full body scanner<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1x2aWfexxe1QBukuSoZ6Dlre11I4fm2EDNA_GGYMWzP4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Millimeter_wave_scanner\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Millimeter wave scanner<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1AyD6EYTzjemXkOwpqXUgYMfxhSx0ed4PDCQop30CKB0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Backscatter_X-ray\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Backscatter X-ray<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ItZSweRyftSEkBeVsP6QrhQRtD0wdigYNp519w5DP9g\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Scanning_transmission_X-ray_microscopy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scanning transmission X-ray microscopy<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1UKkcJVp8vSr0itEGLajXEnwmW9_ZM1BcfPMu08Taqto\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_76 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/77-observation-elements-hand-screeners.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Rapiscan, Viken Detection, Videray, QSA Global.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/77-observation-elements-hand-screeners.png\" width=\"1186\" height=\"380\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/77-observation-elements-hand-screeners.png 1186w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/77-observation-elements-hand-screeners-980x314.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/77-observation-elements-hand-screeners-480x154.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1186px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3767\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0440\u0443\u0447\u043d\u044b\u0435 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Rapiscan, Viken Detection, Videray, QSA Global.\" title=\"77-observation-elements-hand-screeners\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_189 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Handheld screeners (left to right): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rapiscan-ase.com\/products\/handheld-inspection\/mini-z-screening-system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rapiscan<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1C3q52khi2RwGSGGeHCNnRdVLXHbod7cAeTzbGWTcMG4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.vikendetection.com\/products\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Viken Detection<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Ee4M2eTSTKhXhQMxp5BlS61t_hPTMwmxFpKvVKDKKtM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/videray.com\/product-px1\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Videray<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Ij3FSHuj5edz04NAxMON2OXKmeBD_zOKs3GbNAohq0Y\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.qsa-global.com\/openvision-dx\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">QSA Global<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1LVVc3SkWwmXWvdDf37MmrAXLRNpUASJxK-6vYob_C38\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_77 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/78-observation-elements-cargo-screeners.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0430 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Smiths Detection, Nuctech, Linev Systems.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/78-observation-elements-cargo-screeners.png\" width=\"1184\" height=\"262\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/78-observation-elements-cargo-screeners.png 1184w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/78-observation-elements-cargo-screeners-980x217.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/78-observation-elements-cargo-screeners-480x106.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1184px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3768\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0433\u0440\u0443\u0437\u0430 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Smiths Detection, Nuctech, Linev Systems.\" title=\"78-observation-elements-cargo-screeners\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_190 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Cargo screeners (left to right): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsdetection.com\/products\/hi-scan-100100t\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smiths Detection<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1QNMuKZ8zsLS3vLQV3X8ucj9SMydpNKFAj3urRq5pobE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuctech.com.ar\/en\/producto\/nuctech-cx100100d-baggage-scanner\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nuctech<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1CD6YgTFx3bC_mWXM7QIla1z8x736Vx6MLUoiEtGERCM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/linevsystems.us\/product\/bv-160180\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Linev Systems<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vBv1CL3xPmcgrNIlJq0IokJQIjlehveGv7gmR8XmTAs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_78 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/79-observation-elements-people-screeners.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): Brijot, Evolv, Rohde &amp; Schwarz, Nuctech, Leidos, Smiths Detection.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/79-observation-elements-people-screeners.png\" width=\"1146\" height=\"958\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/79-observation-elements-people-screeners.png 1146w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/79-observation-elements-people-screeners-980x819.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/79-observation-elements-people-screeners-480x401.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1146px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3770\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): Brijot, Evolv, Rohde &amp; Schwarz, Nuctech, Leidos, Smiths Detection.\" title=\"79-observation-elements-people-screeners\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_191 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Personnel screeners (left to right top to bottom): <a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220524091419\/http:\/\/www.brijot.com\/?l=products&amp;id=4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brijot<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1rJQZthsxoh0uhxkOGmdmL7FgT3bLMdnFnl1biw510WA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.evolvtechnology.com\/products\/evolv-express\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Evolv<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1qoLkX2LYc9bsHNveDxmSLvy86vFdUFI70TO83nMgds0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rohde-schwarz.com\/us\/products\/aerospace-defense-security\/security-scanner\/rs-qps-quick-personnel-security-scanner_63493-332676.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rohde &amp; Schwarz<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1WZVEscPR84BLQvLd7PhVvje7caO7TFi93RhDMULCMo4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuctech.com.ar\/en\/producto\/nuctech-bx2000da-backscatter-body-scanner\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nuctech<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1M3yOgPgEfFuwvugYVbTHl2G49DYzJ5slTqcPLLgW_N0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.leidos.com\/markets\/aviation\/security-detection\/aviation-checkpoint\/people-screening\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Leidos<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1nRIa356sPHB-H9fI-fl-w2bppae8sfHxdjkC-vUGKDI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsdetection.com\/insight\/aviation\/opening-new-doors-with-integrated-checkpoints-and-ct-technology\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smiths Detection<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/13XKEVKGw-b8D6i3KXxCOd8nsbj83wKI9h3Onf5S9btM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_79 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/80-observation-elements-transport-screeners.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): Smiths Detection, Nuctech, Linev Systems, Rapiscan.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/80-observation-elements-transport-screeners.png\" width=\"1094\" height=\"930\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/80-observation-elements-transport-screeners.png 1094w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/80-observation-elements-transport-screeners-980x833.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/80-observation-elements-transport-screeners-480x408.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1094px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3771\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043f\u043e\u0440\u0442\u0430 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): Smiths Detection, Nuctech, Linev Systems, Rapiscan.\" title=\"80-observation-elements-transport-screeners\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_192 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Transport screeners (left to right top to bottom): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.smithsdetection.com\/products\/hcvp\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Smiths Detection<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/10LnDk37BYpYA1YChfkdlea93REfwS_wep8ZpfIX9oMk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuctech.com.ar\/en\/producto\/nuctech-serie-mt1213de-container-and-vehicle-scanner\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nuctech<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1pXTLP43OCejYmzew7MBPojMXoQkzb3MWFK9UEzRB7Mk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/linevsystems.us\/product\/dtp-320lv\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Linev Systems<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1yL-AusvYQIv4awNIlpkVJaAeTrpStkKicxaZT878YZc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rapiscan-ase.com\/products\/rail\/eagle-rail-cargo-inspection-series\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rapiscan<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1w_j4p8Mh5aCbu5Ic7Anciu4-Sfetmzdu8HMuLzavjcE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_80 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/81-observation-elements-mobile-screeners.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Nuctech, Rapiscan.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/81-observation-elements-mobile-screeners.png\" width=\"1070\" height=\"330\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/81-observation-elements-mobile-screeners.png 1070w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/81-observation-elements-mobile-screeners-980x302.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/81-observation-elements-mobile-screeners-480x148.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1070px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3772\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u044b \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u043d\u044b\u0435 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Nuctech, Rapiscan.\" title=\"81-observation-elements-mobile-screeners\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_193 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Mobile screeners (left to right): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.nuctech.com.ar\/en\/producto\/nuctech-mt0200bx-backscatter-vehicle-scanner\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Nuctech<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1pdVjEy9q-ntzzhoHGrcs7oXd2dUZwpPzhcgdmdlrIjo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.rapiscan-ase.com\/products\/mobile\/zbv-cargo-and-vehicle-screening\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Rapiscan<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1EF4rKif6xnD0-CjhBwDVsSQoaWTnQuRCef8UWJKBs9o\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>]. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/NYPD_X-ray_vans\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">NYPD X-ray vans<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1R3I8CV9FZ4kmfN6kes-v_dre27QpAl3rIQQjuUtaKYY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_194 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Screeners <strong>capture data about living and nonliving objects<\/strong> in real time using electromagnetic radiation, built-in sensors, and software.<\/p>\n<p>References to publications and examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.nature.com\/articles\/s41598-017-06475-7\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Multiview three-dimensional reconstruction by millimetre-wave portable camera<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1dvuKFuLJbSkabD3KJBeL7C9a6iCUVXlMBqfHgHDe0kg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.dhs.gov\/sites\/default\/files\/publications\/PassiveMmWaveDetect-MSR_0614-508.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Passive Millimeter Wave Detectors Market Survey Report<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1WbdI5uLkIBDAatLX3h33Ed8bHUArDhmXOYeFQGQe78Q\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/na.eventscloud.com\/file_uploads\/c9f7ff8efcb8bd3ae8a0c61524d36acc_RapiscanASE_CargoBrochure_Short.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cargo & vehicle - x-ray inspection & radiation detection<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1lmIFlIpMoiBwwLhlZ380OHLDjFd_DFsDwVJnWzr5jSk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=53veU4cdLBA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Viken HBI-120 Handheld X-Ray Imager<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1E4lYxfSNuIKvb8uNqLy5hIoRqSkcyzStsyzvbRkptfM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gp3YjMrPouk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Touchless Security Screening with Evolv Express\u00ae<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/163ZyAVaYaf97KtNQYRoUOO_f4Jne_AaRt5tdSBvO6Y4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Dn_r2WuTZ5A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ThruVis - Standoff concealed object and threat detection<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1u5_Eq9CIbYLcx8tIPJDZD0qzNkwtYQ-oZCcNSTFeQkc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=UvrkQbMCNnY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Neural Guard Detection on Rapiscan 620DV<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1qNEw1wJsAKhn8oMb9CnUFrY1PURyaaRj19zErWENxJw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uCbF74m7rpY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">HI-SCAN 6040 CTiX - A new level of Checkpoint Security<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1xnaxi2tc7Z3XB7X4TskTFryodrukbsIa3XHEq2Fbgos\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=pyHAT0CL1QA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sistema de Inspecci\u00f3n Nuctech de Veh\u00edculos Ligeros Seris Cs<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/17J-f7o1UvnjhSUpn9HM-bXqvgzL-_E03nxutfWNWMNE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=1-U21jfZBSU\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">CIP-300 for vehicle inspection<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1aArDB98kpQKuSsr-yHTWdREt8RdNqfLSPZ8a1n5m_Qs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vA8RzK-tD9w\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sistema de inspecci\u00f3n de carga\/veh\u00edculo Nuctech MT0200BX<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1u9Us0zbVZ253snK7KadEei3coimMpUiIAF8PMRQ5Q1U\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vju1Z0BXAAI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ZBV Cargo and Vehicle Screening System<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1xKN6vaW--85SKWkI4vSKpU7-gPs1JQ83mykxi6m66Cg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=iABPKd0vFxQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">\"ZBV\" - Z Backscatter Van<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1GG_XGqIK6o3ChfXvoyqljvwENVajOf2v3S5a_aF34Xg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dhk_07Ayd6A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">VACIS\u00ae XPL Passenger Vehicle Scanning System<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1s-rdEJiyKLIw8kXFiAlub5bJRZNDGcX-Ye7UKZrq2Rs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hF3V-GHiJ78\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DIY X-ray CT scanner controlled by an Arduino<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1HTHpfhpM9VnD1-t8wDxzAycw0p1HZ4B9QQwVFwQ1LRM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=H7ldYhzKAp4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DIY X-ray backscatter imaging system<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1d5bIhCtYWKnQ7v1I6f0_iAiLFFdQcttvKBSXQMjIgvI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_81 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/82-observation-elements-examples-of-screening-of-living-objects-by-different-screeners.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/82-observation-elements-examples-of-screening-of-living-objects-by-different-screeners.png\" width=\"868\" height=\"1010\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/82-observation-elements-examples-of-screening-of-living-objects-by-different-screeners.png 868w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/82-observation-elements-examples-of-screening-of-living-objects-by-different-screeners-480x559.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 868px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3773\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438.\" title=\"82-observation-elements-examples-of-screening-of-living-objects-by-different-screeners\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_195 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Examples of screening living objects with various screeners.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_82 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/83-observation-elements-examples-of-screening-of-nonliving-objects-by-various-screeners.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/83-observation-elements-examples-of-screening-of-nonliving-objects-by-various-screeners.png\" width=\"866\" height=\"910\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/83-observation-elements-examples-of-screening-of-nonliving-objects-by-various-screeners.png 866w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/83-observation-elements-examples-of-screening-of-nonliving-objects-by-various-screeners-480x504.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 866px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3774\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043d\u0433\u0430 \u043d\u0435\u0436\u0438\u0432\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0441\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0435\u0440\u0430\u043c\u0438.\" title=\"83-observation-elements-examples-of-screening-of-nonliving-objects-by-various-screeners\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_196 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Examples of screening nonliving objects with various screeners.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_197 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Patent references:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US6876322B2\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US6876322B2 \u2014 Concealed object detection<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1HL_VRpEVi5RpcCfYwzanO_aPsy0f0k9S68YcIxQy6Qw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US8232866B2\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US8232866B2 \u2014 Systems and methods for remote long standoff biometric identification using microwave cardiac signals<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ksy9ILBUMH1jWMrs5cRRIYVhY-4tkzyHCx5vukbXpKI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US7811234B2\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US7811234B2 \u2014 Remote-sensing method and device<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1cvuwDZ4ORsZ7jeFuk1-ub96vKZjKrZ3yq2_ZbDFJj1o\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US5507291A\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US5507291A \u2014 Method and an associated apparatus for remotely determining information as to person's emotional state<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1i7E-Nc_tZlP0Hyrj3O7nxwX5TnsIrsGYTAOiBHyghFY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_198 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Tomographs<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_199 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Tomograph<\/strong> is an electronic device that reads the internal structure of living and nonliving objects and sends the data to a computer. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Tomography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tomography<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1reSl5RzYDzvAIiMatdGksaUv8AacDUAp82PLoP1XSPM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/X-ray_microtomography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">X-ray microtomography<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1RSb9Nd7-R6K914a8dY4ngJao32ZISIGhU2XXwBLmWmY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Tomographs include: magnetic resonance tomograph, computed tomograph. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Magnetic_resonance_imaging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1mRdUq0C7HXS5YfCsuJlxpkC64PfHPNP3ul35_LOKn3M\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/CT_scan\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Computed tomography (CT)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1jp2UpKrG_wVytgd7wk_Pxy5uabrBN3UIeqZO3f5Mjm0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_83 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/84-observation-elements-magnetic-resonance-imaging-scanners.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u044b (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Siemens Healthineers, GE Healthcare, Fujifilm.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/84-observation-elements-magnetic-resonance-imaging-scanners.png\" width=\"1170\" height=\"360\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/84-observation-elements-magnetic-resonance-imaging-scanners.png 1170w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/84-observation-elements-magnetic-resonance-imaging-scanners-980x302.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/84-observation-elements-magnetic-resonance-imaging-scanners-480x148.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1170px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3776\" alt=\"\u041c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u044b (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Siemens Healthineers, GE Healthcare, Fujifilm.\" title=\"84-observation-elements-magnetic-resonance-imaging-scanners\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_200 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Magnetic resonance tomographs (left to right): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.siemens-healthineers.com\/en-us\/magnetic-resonance-imaging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Siemens Healthineers<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1J9jSf6haurPx9zBbgMN7eB4vMCImdQNBwV7HDK7Y0Ig\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gehealthcare.com\/products\/magnetic-resonance-imaging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GE Healthcare<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1I5WMekLISnVt6LuJLx8gy-rQePAlWWLaN-YaRAJ7olw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.fujifilm.com\/jp\/ja\/healthcare\/mri-and-ct\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fujifilm<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1LYP_KGPWaK6UBfQbDRgjzbhkdx84fjNpBGVfj66XmsQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_84 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/85-observation-elements-computer-tomographs.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u044b (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Siemens Healthineers, GE Healthcare.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/85-observation-elements-computer-tomographs.png\" width=\"1124\" height=\"332\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/85-observation-elements-computer-tomographs.png 1124w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/85-observation-elements-computer-tomographs-980x289.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/85-observation-elements-computer-tomographs-480x142.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1124px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3777\" alt=\"\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u044b (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Siemens Healthineers, GE Healthcare.\" title=\"85-observation-elements-computer-tomographs\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_201 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Computed tomographs (left to right): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.siemens-healthineers.com\/en-us\/computed-tomography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Siemens Healthineers<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/13xgv7tXF1lg7Pg4X7rr2OH2ow9LE-Z6w-doZx-JZCrE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.gehealthcare.com\/products\/computed-tomography\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GE Healthcare<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1uNfcl1pbM7OG2Nk451KaQiq1t9ZrkBrZ28K8erZxN1c\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_85 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/86-observation-elements-ct-scanners-for-microtomography.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): RX Solutions, Tescan.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/86-observation-elements-ct-scanners-for-microtomography.png\" width=\"1050\" height=\"386\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/86-observation-elements-ct-scanners-for-microtomography.png 1050w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/86-observation-elements-ct-scanners-for-microtomography-980x360.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/86-observation-elements-ct-scanners-for-microtomography-480x176.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1050px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3778\" alt=\"\u041a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u044b \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): RX Solutions, Tescan.\" title=\"86-observation-elements-ct-scanners-for-microtomography\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_202 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Computed tomographs for microtomography (left to right): <a href=\"https:\/\/easytom-ct.com\/products\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RX Solutions<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1K3jii-quggrxtu4x6-xRzGiMv8foGZD8-vbFda-8TCQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/info.tescan.com\/micro-ct\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Tescan<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1eLP9UjUo0zqHLYP-vXe9i5imdBm8Fz1nQ3WPKv0LjGo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_203 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Tomographs <strong>capture data about living and nonliving objects<\/strong> in real time using built-in sensors and software.<\/p>\n<p>References to examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yN5TfolHDa4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">SIGNA\u2122 Masters 2021 Live Scanning Series: Body imaging using AIR\u2122 Coils on SIGNA\u2122 Voyager<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1H4DiBx0RzkLx7KvmfFQmsyWLoIBP6hWh3RaVj9rPK30\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0OdNI3lSgLc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is Computed Tomography (CT) and how does it work?<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1k4k7IxWScrX0rBctGjM1rSz22BxBy6JVZVpH91ANHOc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=FC29YoSIYU8\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">See the world\u2019s first and only detector-based spectral technology with Philips IQon Spectral CT<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1DH3bIdGs5n8hO8BgQDIL1iEyTOumCRhi82O91u5TgAM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=U1bBcNeYLfM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep Learning Reconstruction in CT and MR: a game changer?<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1sBzRxsbyDyYCynhp4jkMa06mBUO8bMrXgb07jNGwUL8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=vQfNMi-mL7g\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">RX Solutions EasyTom S<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1I8H87-AIR0EVqvSN7FBnoLpAZukzCJ_bBcLXr7etZcE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=RYNeM17H2zM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">TESCAN micro-CT - KU Leuven Testimonial<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1orEXi1d3174dL-l_ALo7cSeWr6JZ1aJ4UB3b49mxupg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_86 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/87-observation-elements-examples-of-tomograms-of-people-made-by-magnetic-resonance-imaging-scanners.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u043c\u0438.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/87-observation-elements-examples-of-tomograms-of-people-made-by-magnetic-resonance-imaging-scanners.png\" width=\"1166\" height=\"684\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/87-observation-elements-examples-of-tomograms-of-people-made-by-magnetic-resonance-imaging-scanners.png 1166w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/87-observation-elements-examples-of-tomograms-of-people-made-by-magnetic-resonance-imaging-scanners-980x575.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/87-observation-elements-examples-of-tomograms-of-people-made-by-magnetic-resonance-imaging-scanners-480x282.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1166px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3779\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u043d\u0438\u0442\u043d\u043e-\u0440\u0435\u0437\u043e\u043d\u0430\u043d\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u043c\u0438.\" title=\"87-observation-elements-examples-of-tomograms-of-people-made-by-magnetic-resonance-imaging-scanners\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_204 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Examples of human tomograms produced by magnetic resonance tomographs.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_87 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/88-observation-elements-examples-of-tomograms-of-people-made-by-computer-tomographs.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u043c\u0438.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/88-observation-elements-examples-of-tomograms-of-people-made-by-computer-tomographs.png\" width=\"1164\" height=\"686\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/88-observation-elements-examples-of-tomograms-of-people-made-by-computer-tomographs.png 1164w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/88-observation-elements-examples-of-tomograms-of-people-made-by-computer-tomographs-980x578.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/88-observation-elements-examples-of-tomograms-of-people-made-by-computer-tomographs-480x283.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1164px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3780\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440\u044b \u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u043c\u043c \u043b\u044e\u0434\u0435\u0439, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u044b\u043c\u0438 \u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0430\u043c\u0438.\" title=\"88-observation-elements-examples-of-tomograms-of-people-made-by-computer-tomographs\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_205 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Examples of human tomograms produced by computed tomographs.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_88 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/89-observation-elements-example-of-computed-microtomography.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438. \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c \u2014 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/89-observation-elements-example-of-computed-microtomography.png\" width=\"1176\" height=\"724\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/89-observation-elements-example-of-computed-microtomography.png 1176w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/89-observation-elements-example-of-computed-microtomography-980x603.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/89-observation-elements-example-of-computed-microtomography-480x296.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1176px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3781\" alt=\"\u041f\u0440\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0440 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043d\u043e\u0439 \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0442\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0433\u0440\u0430\u0444\u0438\u0438. \u041a\u0440\u0430\u0441\u043d\u044b\u043c \u0446\u0432\u0435\u0442\u043e\u043c \u043e\u0431\u043e\u0437\u043d\u0430\u0447\u0435\u043d\u044b \u043f\u0443\u0441\u0442\u043e\u0442\u044b, \u0430 \u0441\u0438\u043d\u0438\u043c \u2014 \u043f\u043b\u043e\u0442\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0447\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438\u0446\u044b.\" title=\"89-observation-elements-example-of-computed-microtomography\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_206 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Example of computed microtomography. Voids are marked in red, dense particles in blue.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_207 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Servers<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_208 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Server<\/strong> is an electronic device for storing and processing data (working files, banking operations, paid orders, personal photos, videos, notes, correspondence, and more). Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Server_(computing)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Server (computing)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Dvr735VYua4GYptM0ADzBpDkpxB2-PC69vFT6XqX8MU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_89 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/90-observation-elements-intel-servers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b Intel.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/90-observation-elements-intel-servers.png\" width=\"1184\" height=\"196\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/90-observation-elements-intel-servers.png 1184w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/90-observation-elements-intel-servers-980x162.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/90-observation-elements-intel-servers-480x79.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1184px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3782\" alt=\"\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b Intel.\" title=\"90-observation-elements-intel-servers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_209 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Intel servers. Manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.intel.com\/content\/www\/us\/en\/products\/details\/servers.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Intel\u00ae Server Products - CPU and server processors powered by Intel<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PMCo0VlC6Csa9k5ccxTV4dmWvFg39YVXFPuFOmLmIi0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_90 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/91-observation-elements-dell-servers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b Dell.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/91-observation-elements-dell-servers.png\" width=\"1102\" height=\"286\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/91-observation-elements-dell-servers.png 1102w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/91-observation-elements-dell-servers-980x254.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/91-observation-elements-dell-servers-480x125.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1102px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3783\" alt=\"\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u044b Dell.\" title=\"91-observation-elements-dell-servers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_210 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Dell servers. Manufacturer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.dell.com\/en-us\/shop\/dell-poweredge-servers\/sc\/servers\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">PowerEdge Server Solutions | Dell Technologies<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1NK2UFBY58kLTtVTRmEjsg1Gw6ISgAts0jUpXoBuUEWg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_211 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Servers are used in data centers (providers, operators, key companies).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_91 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/92-observation-elements-server-room-in-intel-data-center.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 Intel.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/92-observation-elements-server-room-in-intel-data-center.png\" width=\"1200\" height=\"676\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/92-observation-elements-server-room-in-intel-data-center.png 1200w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/92-observation-elements-server-room-in-intel-data-center-980x552.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/92-observation-elements-server-room-in-intel-data-center-480x270.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1200px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3784\" alt=\"\u0421\u0435\u0440\u0432\u0435\u0440\u043d\u0430\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043d\u0430\u0442\u0430 \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0435 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 Intel.\" title=\"92-observation-elements-server-room-in-intel-data-center\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_212 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Server room in Intel data center.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_213 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Servers <strong>capture data about living and nonliving objects<\/strong> in real time by data placement (on the server). References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Intel_Management_Engine\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Intel Management Engine<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1u2aO8g-cbq3CzulL9lQpRCkg5jcwKLgiOqSDzahqV04\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/AMD_Platform_Security_Processor\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">AMD Platform Security Processor<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1K8MCuMvIeFYjaSyI1OyNHgdZOurKGvcBhJlufgKk31g\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_government_mass_surveillance_projects\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">List of government mass surveillance projects<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1nXoKFPpg_I-6f_1g6nwkeyJg_05nQYjgv8kUKB0L74g\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Worldwide, 1,327 exabytes of data were stored in 2021. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.statista.com\/statistics\/638613\/worldwide-data-center-storage-used-capacity\/#:~:text=Data%20center%20storage%20capacity%20used%20worldwide%202015%2D2021&amp;text=In%202018%2C%20data%20centers%20will,547%20exabytes%20of%20actual%20data\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Statista study: Global data center storage capacity used 2015-2021<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1xM9acyvlRWYwQv3b8elVIJnpog6qB99omHhnlLY1Dz8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_92 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/93-observation-elements-the-amount-of-data-stored-in-data-centers-around-the-world.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443 \u0441 2015 \u043f\u043e 2021 \u0433\u043e\u0434 (\u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u0445).\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/93-observation-elements-the-amount-of-data-stored-in-data-centers-around-the-world.png\" width=\"1202\" height=\"736\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/93-observation-elements-the-amount-of-data-stored-in-data-centers-around-the-world.png 1202w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/93-observation-elements-the-amount-of-data-stored-in-data-centers-around-the-world-980x600.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/93-observation-elements-the-amount-of-data-stored-in-data-centers-around-the-world-480x294.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1202px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3785\" alt=\"\u041e\u0431\u044a\u0435\u043c \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0432\u0448\u0438\u0445\u0441\u044f \u0432 \u0446\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0445 \u043e\u0431\u0440\u0430\u0431\u043e\u0442\u043a\u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043f\u043e \u0432\u0441\u0435\u043c\u0443 \u043c\u0438\u0440\u0443 \u0441 2015 \u043f\u043e 2021 \u0433\u043e\u0434 (\u0432 \u044d\u043a\u0441\u0430\u0431\u0430\u0439\u0442\u0430\u0445).\" title=\"93-observation-elements-the-amount-of-data-stored-in-data-centers-around-the-world\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_214 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Volume of data stored in data centers worldwide from 2015 to 2021 (in exabytes).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_215 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h2 id=\"software\">Software<\/h2>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_216 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Software<\/strong> is a set of instructions that directs an electronic device how to operate. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Software\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Software<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1gHvAhyVXj6Hr3ljND4T7ohvvWdjdVbbHBh_MP-SZN8c\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>All software that has a mechanism for data capture and transmission is a software element of observation.<\/p>\n<p>In addition, software is subject to attacks from individuals, organizations, and governments of competing countries. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Vulnerability_(computing)\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vulnerability (computer security)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vfWVueJhGGHPvTV-qP25xJc34MD45q5IA4QmClfTlHI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Computer_security\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Computer security<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1mphQXs3sdTJpPNacrrMmeLJjjbohulBnLTendgPoJh0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobile_security\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mobile security<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PV3PAuSZY6rT_ZVHIG7Q8yeMbrPudq0SfGsgmSIGU2k\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Application_security\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Application security<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1sGSQTJh2fCi7dib7lsk_7FYs1CJus1YeGwng_9W1mvc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Browser_security\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Browser security<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/177b0ywHnuETk9J-aY2LXcvnTMRbSoFepXUbCjZoCXI0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Drive-by_download\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Drive-by download<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1_eiWWmlrMmxWkUhLirwsRL91-QtQ1ZfWdTL3FnbJfoI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Cross-site_scripting\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Cross-site scripting<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/14fk9f_GASiZXD9krf7N1wFZwYjQ6yZsVakvL-7NXhPw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>For example, since 1999, more than 8,500 vulnerabilities have been publicly disclosed in Microsoft products. Reference to public database CVE Details: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cvedetails.com\/vendor\/26\/Microsoft.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microsoft : Products and vulnerabilities, CVEs<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1nFZHdzd6abX5K_JGJKLkSTWTFARl_HE5HPn06CUxVk8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Microsoft site: <a href=\"https:\/\/msrc.microsoft.com\/update-guide\/vulnerability\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vulnerabilities - Security Update Guide<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1WBchnrj_B0uUU71nSjRXHAQN9p6fT8-kGNjMPGoyDcM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em> (dates should be selected).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_93 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/94-observation-elements-publicly-disclosed-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-products-by-year.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Microsoft \u043f\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c. \u0412\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Microsoft.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/94-observation-elements-publicly-disclosed-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-products-by-year.png\" width=\"1204\" height=\"532\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/94-observation-elements-publicly-disclosed-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-products-by-year.png 1204w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/94-observation-elements-publicly-disclosed-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-products-by-year-980x433.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/94-observation-elements-publicly-disclosed-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-products-by-year-480x212.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1204px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3786\" alt=\"\u041f\u0443\u0431\u043b\u0438\u0447\u043d\u043e \u0440\u0430\u0441\u043a\u0440\u044b\u0442\u044b\u0435 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0434\u0443\u043a\u0442\u043e\u0432 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Microsoft \u043f\u043e \u0433\u043e\u0434\u0430\u043c. \u0412\u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d \u0440\u043e\u0441\u0442 \u0447\u0438\u0441\u043b\u0430 \u0443\u044f\u0437\u0432\u0438\u043c\u043e\u0441\u0442\u0435\u0439 \u043f\u043e \u043c\u0435\u0440\u0435 \u0440\u0430\u0437\u0432\u0438\u0442\u0438\u044f \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0438 Microsoft.\" title=\"94-observation-elements-publicly-disclosed-vulnerabilities-in-microsoft-products-by-year\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_217 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Publicly disclosed vulnerabilities of Microsoft products by year show a growth in the number of vulnerabilities as Microsoft develops. Reference: CVE Details: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cvedetails.com\/vendor\/26\/Microsoft.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microsoft : Products and vulnerabilities, CVEs<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1nFZHdzd6abX5K_JGJKLkSTWTFARl_HE5HPn06CUxVk8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_218 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Products of other companies exhibit similar dynamics. Reference to top-50 technology companies by total number of distinct vulnerabilities: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.cvedetails.com\/top-50-vendors.php\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Top 50 Vendors By Total Number Of \"Distinct\" Vulnerabilities<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1bspGKqTYaQzFtMW7cgXpVcPZ553HVgwpox0RK3T3IlI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>References to statistical articles: <a href=\"https:\/\/us.norton.com\/internetsecurity-emerging-threats-cyberthreat-trends-cybersecurity-threat-review.html\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">115 cybersecurity statistics + trends to know<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1mvNquI7QhRY2dfR-Y4tqHtxPtpm4rNdslRhkUGF-_Ow\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/techjury.net\/blog\/how-many-cyber-attacks-per-day\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How Many Cyber Attacks Happen per Day in 2025?<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ZzwbmyzDiiUa5KtRHlUDYy7I3k-y4z1y9oVkowIuADA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Also, software may have hidden or side functions. For example, controlling the operating speed of an electronic device component (which can be used for information interception). Reference to scientific article with video demonstration: Fansmitter: <a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/1606.05915.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Acoustic Data Exfiltration from (Speakerless) Air-Gapped Computers<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1gwGOjGcl4JYn6TQmYZ5tPpQl9GXtX-gZlfDZdbGDpRs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=v2_sZIfZkDQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Fansmitter: Leaking Data from Air-Gap Computers (clip #1)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Ap--jjulsnPtA6jcRZ7qPA-XUnB0FgJWTegxN06EseU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_219 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Embedded systems<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_220 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Embedded system<\/strong> is software for managing a component of an electronic device (if the electronic device is simple, it may replace the operating system). References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Embedded_software\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Embedded software<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ziqByYuH8rR4dxWUv5xY8Q_XaAWGN0fsLdPV3KKM57Q\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Firmware\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Firmware<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1dzTyFUaoanq2K4rVLsAh3UkPpz2OsPrTZy49pA5Q2dM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Microcode\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microcode<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1EL4yzKVMvLtqZcr9QjQnIPcY5anH1n5FM9seHkBh_50\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Examples of embedded systems include: Intel Management Engine, AMD Platform Security Processor, Basic Input\/Output System (BIOS), Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI), anti-lock braking system firmware, washing machine firmware, hard drive firmware, USB drive firmware, pacemaker firmware, remote control firmware, electronic watch firmware, etc.<\/p>\n<p>Embedded systems <strong>capture data about living objects<\/strong> in real time by having full access to the key component of the electronic device (see the section \"Microprocessors\" for more details).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_221 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Operating systems<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_222 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Operating system<\/strong> is software for managing an electronic device. References: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Operating_system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Operating system (OS)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1VaCSFzVFx9Opnnmp7QbmEGUT3KcRK1yg6ngzLB-YPEw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/List_of_operating_systems\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">List of operating systems<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1wK9qiYLfZBQAdtLfmm9XaFjXWXmoXR4sI42xTz4yovI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Mobile_operating_system\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Mobile operating system<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ob0JidcYE01EuAim6eNUyWyJtG6ptJBe0mh0da-Fbu8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_94 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/95-observation-elements-logos-of-the-most-popular-operating-systems-for-desktop-and-laptop-computers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Windows, macOS, Chrome OS, Linux.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/95-observation-elements-logos-of-the-most-popular-operating-systems-for-desktop-and-laptop-computers.png\" width=\"836\" height=\"212\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/95-observation-elements-logos-of-the-most-popular-operating-systems-for-desktop-and-laptop-computers.png 836w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/95-observation-elements-logos-of-the-most-popular-operating-systems-for-desktop-and-laptop-computers-480x122.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 836px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3787\" alt=\"\u041b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043d\u0430\u0441\u0442\u043e\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0438 \u043f\u0435\u0440\u0435\u043d\u043e\u0441\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Windows, macOS, Chrome OS, Linux.\" title=\"95-observation-elements-logos-of-the-most-popular-operating-systems-for-desktop-and-laptop-computers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_223 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Logos of the most popular operating systems for desktop and portable computers (left to right): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/windows\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Windows<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/19CU4SUl5gBgZPzns4LVzoAml1hwtnTAH24ASIQohl8U\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apple.com\/macos\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">macOS<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1EgJ5oHa-LjyFmJSASAC6ULh2bWBPfZXZopxCMmxjSs4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/chromebook\/chrome-os\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Chrome OS<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1XoRjQW3prQMw-ImoWo6NKVRO0kNEtRerwHbSLIZ-q_c\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.linux.org\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Linux<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1jvp5XRh3Xlg9cCXaGVjeMuqpEw1cTi-Lwb3G7pmlWew\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_95 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/96-observation-elements-logos-of-the-most-popular-operating-systems-for-mobile-computers.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): iOS, Android.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/96-observation-elements-logos-of-the-most-popular-operating-systems-for-mobile-computers.png\" width=\"458\" height=\"126\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/96-observation-elements-logos-of-the-most-popular-operating-systems-for-mobile-computers.png 458w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/96-observation-elements-logos-of-the-most-popular-operating-systems-for-mobile-computers-300x83.png 300w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 458px) 100vw, 458px\" class=\"wp-image-3788\" alt=\"\u041b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043e\u043f\u0435\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u0441\u0438\u0441\u0442\u0435\u043c \u0434\u043b\u044f \u043c\u043e\u0431\u0438\u043b\u044c\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043a\u043e\u043c\u043f\u044c\u044e\u0442\u0435\u0440\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): iOS, Android.\" title=\"96-observation-elements-logos-of-the-most-popular-operating-systems-for-mobile-computers\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_224 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Logos of the most popular operating systems for mobile computers (left to right): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apple.com\/ios\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">iOS<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1CLXkhnMNS2EdvqjMD7nHFpBGH4jucJKYyU7kA2tPseA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.android.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Android<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/17t8STEifAkFb8u_er7OGwxDxzhg01v1aLwLHcdK1-Wc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_225 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Operating systems <strong>capture data about living objects<\/strong> in real time by accessing components of the electronic device, as well as saving user data and actions. Links to the privacy policies of developers of the most popular operating systems: <a href=\"https:\/\/privacy.microsoft.com\/en-us\/privacystatement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microsoft Privacy Statement<\/a> (in Russian: <a href=\"https:\/\/privacy.microsoft.com\/ru-ru\/privacystatement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microsoft Corporation Privacy Statement<\/a>) <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/14vGXIGXfCVdA8ppT9GnHs1kMDLVt6PQUQvHULtE8Who\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apple.com\/legal\/privacy\/en-ww\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apple Privacy Policy<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/17tZ0ocTws2AWt3Fg8UWFXso3tV7GOy9OxbGa5DC-NpM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/policies.google.com\/privacy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Privacy Policy<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1cIEdO2kzGwRjeYUgfFN4Z-0WNJi8ouRIJzqhgzn4Dow\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/ubuntu.com\/legal\/data-privacy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Ubuntu Data Privacy<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vqtgRo_KCzAWpIsERzWboNxmmrP1CLpeByVEr-VOzXc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. Link to the article: <a href=\"https:\/\/arstechnica.com\/information-technology\/2015\/08\/even-when-told-not-to-windows-10-just-cant-stop-talking-to-microsoft\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Even when told not to, Windows 10 just can\u2019t stop talking to Microsoft<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1uIi7eLhUix9PN19w70KjmkdWcZb9Fn1IZD1NQhvX8bo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<p>Operating systems use a single password for user authorization when logging into the computer and internal cloud services. This provides operating system developers with passwords to access users' computers. Link to the Microsoft website: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.microsoft.com\/en-us\/insidetrack\/managing-user-identities-and-secure-access-at-microsoft\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Managing user identities and secure access at Microsoft<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1QX7Pqy0BOKabXr67_DfjaGeA-8UVXcB2cU5WtwVBnbc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_226 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Applications<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_227 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Application<\/strong> is software installed in an operating system to provide an electronic device with additional functionality. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Application_software\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Application software<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1uXGATGkMjYqotw409XvXXQrRwu1OHLAzwDwgXgNKxCQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_96 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/97-observation-elements-logos-of-the-most-popular-app-stores.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u041b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Microsoft Store, App Store, Google Play.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/97-observation-elements-logos-of-the-most-popular-app-stores.png\" width=\"646\" height=\"240\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/97-observation-elements-logos-of-the-most-popular-app-stores.png 646w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/97-observation-elements-logos-of-the-most-popular-app-stores-480x178.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 646px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3789\" alt=\"\u041b\u043e\u0433\u043e\u0442\u0438\u043f\u044b \u043d\u0430\u0438\u0431\u043e\u043b\u0435\u0435 \u043f\u043e\u043f\u0443\u043b\u044f\u0440\u043d\u044b\u0445 \u043c\u0430\u0433\u0430\u0437\u0438\u043d\u043e\u0432 \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0439 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e): Microsoft Store, App Store, Google Play.\" title=\"97-observation-elements-logos-of-the-most-popular-app-stores\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_228 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Logos of the most popular application stores (left to right): <a href=\"https:\/\/apps.microsoft.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microsoft Store<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1b6SiO97crXKUrehQzCe9Khn87IDSCNhDXtTxS9DoHQY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apple.com\/app-store\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">App Store<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1UGN8Ns2H05e_qSdkZjyUsPUdlc9zjbpptJCjLFl5OVE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Play<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1r9ujKOc6eV8j3hYW0_G0P7Jfxs3feqUuwQsMY1K3ufY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_229 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Applications <strong>capture data about living and nonliving objects<\/strong> in real time by accessing components of the electronic device, as well as by saving user data and actions. References to privacy policies of application store holders: <a href=\"https:\/\/privacy.microsoft.com\/en-us\/privacystatement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microsoft Privacy Statement<\/a> (in Russian: <a href=\"https:\/\/privacy.microsoft.com\/ru-ru\/privacystatement\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microsoft Corporation Privacy Statement<\/a>) <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/14vGXIGXfCVdA8ppT9GnHs1kMDLVt6PQUQvHULtE8Who\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apple.com\/legal\/privacy\/en-ww\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Apple Privacy Policy<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/17tZ0ocTws2AWt3Fg8UWFXso3tV7GOy9OxbGa5DC-NpM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>, <a href=\"https:\/\/policies.google.com\/privacy\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Privacy Policy<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1cIEdO2kzGwRjeYUgfFN4Z-0WNJi8ouRIJzqhgzn4Dow\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_97 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/98-observation-elements-microsoft-word-application-permissions.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e Microsoft Word: \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e Wi-Fi, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0445, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435, \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043d, \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\/\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0430\/\u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/98-observation-elements-microsoft-word-application-permissions.png\" width=\"838\" height=\"748\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/98-observation-elements-microsoft-word-application-permissions.png 838w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/98-observation-elements-microsoft-word-application-permissions-480x428.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) 838px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3790\" alt=\"\u0420\u0430\u0437\u0440\u0435\u0448\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044e Microsoft Word: \u043a\u0430\u043c\u0435\u0440\u0430, \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u043f\u043e\u0434\u043a\u043b\u044e\u0447\u0435\u043d\u0438\u0438 \u043f\u043e Wi-Fi, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0442\u043e\u0440 \u0443\u0441\u0442\u0440\u043e\u0439\u0441\u0442\u0432\u0430 \u0438 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u043e \u0432\u044b\u0437\u043e\u0432\u0430\u0445, \u0445\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u043b\u0438\u0449\u0435, \u0442\u0435\u043b\u0435\u0444\u043e\u043d, \u043c\u0438\u043a\u0440\u043e\u0444\u043e\u043d, \u043a\u043e\u043d\u0442\u0430\u043a\u0442\u044b, \u0444\u043e\u0442\u043e\/\u043c\u0443\u043b\u044c\u0442\u0438\u043c\u0435\u0434\u0438\u0430\/\u0444\u0430\u0439\u043b\u044b, \u0438\u0434\u0435\u043d\u0442\u0438\u0444\u0438\u043a\u0430\u0446\u0438\u043e\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0434\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0438 \u0434\u0440\u0443\u0433\u043e\u0435.\" title=\"98-observation-elements-microsoft-word-application-permissions\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_230 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Permissions granted to the Microsoft Word application include: camera, Wi-Fi connection data, device ID and call data, storage, phone, microphone, contacts, photos\/media\/files, credentials, and more. Reference to the application page on Google Play: <a href=\"https:\/\/play.google.com\/store\/apps\/details?id=com.microsoft.office.word\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Microsoft Word: Edit Documents<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/100DbjFzw91mFX4uezMLjicG1O_YTbFNYrkWxbceAdrs\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_231 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Applications <strong>display data<\/strong> received from components of the electronic device.<\/p>\n<p>References to scientific publications, lectures, developers, and examples:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/225045375_Emotion_Detection_from_Text\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Emotion Detection from Text<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1EuyCQgQwS13MJ39Fp8NpyLGIPD2KAYQXjDtu12dlFp0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8402961\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">A review on sentiment analysis and emotion detection from text<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1HxI-ANCBvZC9CM7_B0WG0qZEyMr41NG0SBuJaFGztyA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/full\/10.1002\/eng2.12189\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Text\u2010based emotion detection: Advances, challenges, and opportunities<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/17kp82kqtLiLNuu1fGX9faD_F1o8D1BhYJL2d6KFZ7Z4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/devblogs.microsoft.com\/cse\/2015\/11\/29\/emotion-detection-and-recognition-from-text-using-deep-learning\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Emotion Detection and Recognition from Text Using Deep Learning<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1kD1YgED79OW_vinFBPIb3ksTBlzb2VOPJ8FRqZLPFB0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/228967692_Emotional_Text_Tagging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Emotional Text Tagging<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1DluRHuewQPZgXIAOaYYF9pQ2Cw3xxEh00Ms7SoYMUeI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.projectpro.io\/project-use-case\/end-to-end-speech-emotion-recognition-python\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">End-to-End Speech Emotion Recognition Project using ANN<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vpthLPC_bi-MBRwC2V0BXWgb7uaWxg0FhzjR-gMuLN0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.projectpro.io\/article\/speech-emotion-recognition-project-using-machine-learning\/573\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Speech Emotion Recognition Project using Machine Learning<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1bHiXtaknDsHvMuP6o_RZEQ9eld1fCAO3C0nk9UYkOGE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/275406329_Research_of_Emotion_Recognition_Based_on_Speech_and_Facial_Expression\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Research of Emotion Recognition Based on Speech and Facial Expression<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Y2ugasGy4ab3HaCRxgnwTvInvA4_AWQ35e-IY8-DDCM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/221052478_Analysis_of_emotion_recognition_using_facial_expressions_speech_and_multimodal_information\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Analysis of emotion recognition using facial expressions, speech and multimodal information<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1saaPWhFuOe6wInY1UW-Alf5kdPUq4WitPvQ5-wjP4pY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.hindawi.com\/journals\/js\/2021\/9995871\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Noncontact Heart Rate Measurement Using a Webcam, Based on Joint Blind Source Separation and a Skin Reflection Model: For a Wide Range of Imaging Conditions<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1BtEIb156Ee0VZupg3_KIk_oCIw7nHYCIpVvlRBj3ky0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/hal.science\/hal-02143091\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Model-based Region of Interest Segmentation for Remote Photoplethysmography<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1jj865bQlAkGwj0LacXXBPRlifvPlNdeP0mR38dCypZI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/254056150_Video-based_heart_rate_measurement_from_human_faces\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">(PDF) Video-based heart rate measurement from human faces<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1CoVNonY2zV9QKADAURF_2vO8vF1GBtLjAilbioEJ5V4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.stanford.edu\/class\/cs231a\/prev_projects_2016\/finalReport.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Measuring Heart Rate from Video<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1l7ntqSi5_A9ADYZMeRXUEzrPXYL6KoYtSiDlSojMmI8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/renchengsong.github.io\/papers\/rPPG_review.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Video-Based Heart Rate Measurement: Recent Advances and Future Prospects<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1nV7s7XEGDHyoI4qeRliZMh2OMWivn24ygHU_AevrVRo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/351575395_Simultaneously_video-based_heart-rate_measurement_for_multiple_participants_-_an_improved_tiny_faces_approach\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Simultaneously video-based heart-rate measurement for multiple participants - an improved tiny faces approach<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1jygBQR6YP7SKpiKKuJx6qVA80-gYjCpG0xNigxJnD1w\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/arxiv.org\/pdf\/2107.05087.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Remote Blood Oxygen Estimation From Videos Using Neural Networks<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/16lFRtShypbwtDX7_qJBh5hhsSdlDshtvVmRtzfl7KYk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2076-3417\/11\/9\/4255\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Non-Contact SpO2 Prediction System Based on a Digital Camera<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1AaP9AG6WB_e1U4b4jwcIV33r7C5nqcr4HhgG6IgEpNU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC4574660\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Non-contact measurement of oxygen saturation with an RGB camera<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1LvmlrCsDX6EyEMw2df0eI7HbTOjZI2D8PVv4Ebmkw4s\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/dl.acm.org\/doi\/pdf\/10.1145\/3369835\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Breeze: Smartphone-based Acoustic Real-time Detection of Breathing Phases for a Gamified Biofeedback Breathing Training<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1NhPaaFr7wLJcyXpeDgQNXLuOqI1DW2uLRoq-1pswMqo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.cellule.co.uk\/echoes\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Echoes<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1LPsPxLPz4a8L-8t7EkDEV5l1pSEElLiicUPNOFRLURY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>:\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/starts.eu\/article\/detail\/echoes-the-new-app-which-lets-you-listen-to-your-heart-at-home\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Echoes: the new app which lets you listen to your heart at home<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1zDFkD9XCRYSIXQB01AUfKyn9Ux8RorhTStMYuxWXVdg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bnti.ru\/des.asp?itm=5819&amp;tbl=01.04.01.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">System of operative biometric search and automatic identification of a person by biometric characteristics of a face \"APK VISIR\"<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1uNKFmqrr6txlFQt_-iiiU8rud_PZ03XKJDxIRc25ls0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"http:\/\/www.bnti.ru\/des.asp?itm=6345&amp;tbl=02.06.\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The system of control of psycho-emotional state of a person \"VibraImage\"<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1WeeIFiZhH13Oj14fjK5ZEAr7IUM9FXyqynymZVwnp4o\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/medium.com\/analytics-vidhya\/building-a-real-time-emotion-detector-towards-machine-with-e-q-c20b17f89220\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How Are You Feeling?\u200a\u2014\u200aAnswered with A Real-Time Emotion Detector<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1h-tLKs2nZgcmUgEk6AXKDr9DGiwuMPqCmSxZe0jiabc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.researchgate.net\/publication\/303851409_Evaluating_the_Emotional_State_of_a_User_Using_a_Webcam\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Evaluating the Emotional State of a User Using a Webcam<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Cmq6E87sxIQE-G-ijxMFUnOhQep2ZG3aqf6vAnL0-8o\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/2227-7080\/6\/1\/17\/htm\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Facial Expression Emotion Detection for Real-Time Embedded Systems<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1KVoKkRvLL6f2_2kb0lDTi2JVqzlopfJOVeOOTWqHJ5c\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.diva-portal.org\/smash\/get\/diva2:952138\/FULLTEXT01.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Facial emotion detection using deep learning<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/10vmWzv5qOlNUhNG5R9ap71VVsc9M4xh3TaeDXguKzyo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/par.nsf.gov\/servlets\/purl\/10099460\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">OpenFace 2.0: Facial Behavior Analysis Toolkit<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1YpEIm3-c24UG0_W8BMjneI4bu9gowEqnSd4h8_jDd4Q\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/gazerecorder.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">GazeRecorder: Online Eye Tracking Software<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1BMGpO69lzYOQtRweFlEk-FSlRgpN6Q0lhK6lxQfR6mc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/info.cs.st-andrews.ac.uk\/student-handbook\/files\/project-library\/sh\/Mozifian.pdf\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Affective Mirror: Automated emotion detection through photoplethysmography & facial expression analysis<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1TOPuiHv08a5KgyaZCtlu4Fejj9I3aTDZnYmo5Fx2bbY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/journalofbigdata.springeropen.com\/articles\/10.1186\/s40537-020-00322-9\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Four-class emotion classification in virtual reality using pupillometry<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/18JQ9Hu7ricvhHEp-u5nzyqjQLH6w8E7Fj3h0cXWQ0d0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/pmc\/articles\/PMC8489024\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">MEYE: Web App for Translational and Real-Time Pupillometry<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/18HiAJ5ORRrI7DJqiUnpGYI3XnHG19f7HsDaCiViW95A\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/siliconangle.com\/2018\/05\/04\/now-smart-browser-ai-takes-residence-web-browser\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How now, smart browser? AI takes up residence on the web client<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1UkxRJwCjj15oxQbMVUonVb8m5D-ssQ6UJkKBlythZWQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.siliconrepublic.com\/machines\/ai-google-chrome-machine-learning-mit-research-cyberattacks\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google is using AI to anticipate your web browsing needs<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Dgq8mnuBVcKLRtu0lEf-TgQfPkbklbCbFMrhVEU4P68\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/sourceforge.net\/software\/emotion-recognition\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Best Emotion Recognition Software of 2025<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1JSoYOPAjzoGi6GLTLaPF0Wy4MI59ZBWzpX1pTN2LAI8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/pure.manchester.ac.uk\/ws\/portalfiles\/portal\/146393708\/FULL_TEXT.PDF\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sensing physiological arousal and visual attention during user interaction<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1tW823NrhHMX86eYjPcqFjeZLecl6tc3NnngCzREZyAA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=D_KYv7pXAvQ\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">rPPG: Contactless heart rate measurement<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1CfRlUmIpmJ7ZHPXAUspmGDsMdkfvVR6zjfbikXQYTJc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Q9MK-vtWzUM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Motion Robust Remote-PPG (Camera-based heart-rate monitoring)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1oTBVzS3Mh_KobtzcQnfUU1EtrrNHuzlw6n3bZDPqlfw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=EhZXDgG9oSk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Detecting Pulse From Head Motions in Video<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1L49mls8_Ti74Goz0xeuZUpSbr9enRhZeeckgWOnqEc4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eLrsxfloouA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Camera-based health monitoring<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1QnhyAHo4aoev5tyv_ZKz_EWWPsN4oQg-UrPqGOdgmcM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=yN1-LRBsvmY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Camera-based non-contact health sensing<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/12f_2Oo_gN_kyYMBjqzs2DXjcAs8KZvW_QiLfVLbsfd0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.noldus.com\/blog\/what-is-rppg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is RPPG (Remote photoplethysmography)?<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1qOKWjW3SL8Ck0FpMTUStyrtabwnM1JCTxhQntEWJTIk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>:\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mGIrFsgKVEc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">VicarVision - FaceReader RPPG Module: Heart Rate & Variability Analysis<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1gzXB0Hxwn_BO5lED0EhJDeWOfouHfAdyfl9Bf3Tl3-8\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.noldus.com\/facereader\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FaceReader | Facial expression analysis<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PaWKBJiJee5LTggFctgBwySjulbi8FVq98uOVT9elvE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0vlJ-8gXMII\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">FaceReader Classifications Demo - Automated facial expression analysis<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ELfkimSmSYw3WZ5lrhp-bLjsSNNy9SI-5EwKAFqKSc4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.noldus.com\/viso\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Viso | Video and audio recording<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1f28XgA_UIzH2lKeAlrOR8Q5Mjd_uZNmFrW5bDdzTTis\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=o4H090HNA4c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Viso for AV recording, debriefing, and playback<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/14haxKoql_ZFoZM1WSIIzqe2yGba7E3lgeP2cWBhSTTw\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.noldus.com\/ethovision-xt\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EthoVision XT | Video tracking software<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1UVMrhQyYPn6maoY3H02H8u-JyKNhNQmVHOhK1cMsWgA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Ak7eyPGL03I\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">EthoVision XT: The video tracking software<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1dWkEWm5G6N-yCkW6GGsLbTlFyTZ2jKvuuBt4rhf4RyA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.google.com\/fit\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Fit<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1aimk3n15nyYNo5eWOFclp1jOw_6MutaPH0hVsk9mFBU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>:\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/support.google.com\/fit\/answer\/10477667?hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Track your heart rate with your phone<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1v7H_-zWwV_n8y_2J1J-WQi20bATdqKpUHO2Az3uZQIU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/support.google.com\/fit\/answer\/10478084?hl=en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Track your respiratory rate<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1iPOAboDYPhdMFQEmNRuJ13N2xCDgblFqTQ-1yc6DEUc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=oG0fAlyiiQA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Hands-on with Google Fit's new heart and respiratory rate tracking!<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1oIZ1i10cztpqv20m6a-mnkyKYwc5zF6WmvSMCN7AeCk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=5BMhCgq4Sig\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Google Fit Camera Heart Rate vs Apple Watch  vs Blood Pressure Monitor<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/15sv6a1OhrZUx625R_n8hANMuqMqRnYrEJBOMugk8nXY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/web.archive.org\/web\/20220518073333\/https:\/\/www.celeno.com\/wifi-doppler-imaging\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Celeno: Wi-Fi Doppler Imaging (radar)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1hPKPuPb9bfYEin2jUZqCUp1PusDTKuPpXpH28W9-Zqo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>:\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=e6C7wEuRl4A\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">DEMO - Celenos Wi-Fi Doppler Imaging - Watch how it works<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1bCSc2ad7SA9B-_Vr86JFh03E2AFHkFrQieVP-tgARjI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.indooratlas.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">IndoorAtlas (RTLS)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/17JqD7Jz6XQz7-5ejJ3NIcY3lUqvuzg1ArQYsD1nhMD4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=dVCbZmIXoTI\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">An iPhone (X, 11, 12) 3D Scanner App that Works? (EM3D: Ethan Makes 3D Scanner)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1zWAjb3jx72FQF3cU_XyDsgBBQkqVNOYK6vz4dGv1BYQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/poly.cam\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Polycam<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/15OgHZPS45TkEFVjabd6qn7pV6HXRubkc1jhqb_Ucv3Q\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>:\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=0F3uFeqFOOw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3D Scan with your iPhone, no LiDAR required! Polycam Photo Mode Tutorial<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1IjyxTfwVvH7Sb86k_c4rxHwoR9Txqae9n__84u20aeo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=k1uXppV6TeA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">We 3D Scanned a GHOST TOWN to Preserve it Forever<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1nD6EmsUI5eX1BJPdlizXG6mRtqt69ybDgqPR0cZyLN4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=v_O6tYKQEBA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Meshroom: Open Source 3D Reconstruction Software<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1vnZAsDkisgWY0eMlJKdGKPvGpAaLMkIILEni9t4i7iU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sonarax.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Sonarax (data transmission by using sound)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/11LlryGW1LbjaK7IuXNaIx1iuIVVoo1Jod0UO1bb5AbQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>:\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=DN4P19bN-SA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">What is Data Over Sound & Second Screen ? Demonstration by SONARAX<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1eW-rmjKRbnxBmBAMtZ80lVFieG3Q6GTsYnp-C5MCPOM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=Q3sJoFvUTIs\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">How Does  Data Over Sound Work? SONARAX and Nets demo of Ultrasonic Payment in Vending Machine<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1id27DvzjvgtkhPeyaqWRoceLkB-DyH4YrSAkX9uCrNA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=BclY5B-owgc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Indoor Mapping | Indoor Navigation App via Sound by SONARAX<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1RTjgCEBkBVDmHtE-jAGsYr3XMxNiA3cLkfaBlYWsw2Y\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.umoove.me\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Umoove (eye movement tracking)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1xEMc94beVF2n0vWQ4nQAAt5S4jv5t1wobvr4bpeZkwY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>:\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=imeXVbPWn8E\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Umoove's EYE TRACKING Technology for Mobile Devices<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1NBD6HFV2m24lCT8frrsFoZOB91uZk4-Ka2lnUGcD7mc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gQ4qTtV0XCE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Samsung Galaxy Eye Tracking- Galaxy S3!!!<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1wbiRWiZP5Nhv71noEu95WSFdL8npidf8OFKfxw7j-mU\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=cLUHKYfZN5s\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Learning to Find Eye Region Landmarks for Remote Gaze Estimation in Unconstrained Settings<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1QckgQLaYSt2izg1EBSwCzj3OvDRs2zAMtIz9585AngY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QxNhjNDLaEM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Pupil Detection, Gaze Estimation<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1e--kIAcFqrO_ZLM0FAdCBFLPsU6wa7fScieHavx6PeY\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=YdHmhbu7Abc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">ScreenGlint: Practical, In-situ Gaze Estimation on Smartphones<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/12X6TXFblpCU9Pa3COzR6cITB8QX4YHi7GqdP7ZJmHzc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=uGvvCgqYmpY\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Deep Learning for Uncalibrated Gaze Estimation and Fatigue Detection<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1EvAm0mxj__EQ8LGfCPY-2D_XUuzjMdzRJ40uk2ASVbc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=rUhFUNeyD9Y\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gaze estimation demo OpenVINO 2019 R3<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Yma2FbEkV80e3d64BLWv9EbHiGZpMwSNUYRW86tRjhg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=w_tkaqfqlsM\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Gaze360: Physically Unconstrained Gaze Estimation in the Wild<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1moMwHJFhLoIXALAIeDWkMj1PrK-sLIEk-7iY5F_YTAk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=b2Niedr53a4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Classroom Digital Twins with Instrumentation-Free Gaze Tracking<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1AXgkLkQ38zvZ0swFT7qwL0i0n6lA9YHskxv7mtyB1v0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=gaKdA51v5dg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">The Mental Image Revealed by Gaze Tracking<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1dqodpTlgfe39YTrNfAy0Hl3FfXYTkCGISnw3zKX3DRA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=hS9J3D8HT38\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Object recognition and localization while tracking and mapping: Poster Wall<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1cx1Wz-wD9lnpPbMLlIz10YyqZ4P-5qjegtvJ9CR_waE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=saUE7JHU3P0\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Object tracking with monoSLAM: Ashmolean Gallery<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1b2dmNoCdF9iuCjC1ZYkFUn_jjRZeE6AoHblgrEWR-T0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=9Njo5-Bvotc\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Vision AI video<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1EMV0tYzGqwn6vMXuFlY3Rjb3_enGE1FiL-lPC7rtS7c\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=lnAUnU596UE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Online multi-object tracking via robust collaborative model and sample selection<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1T_9xqqMFNJj8A01ecs0MonmQ7Iy5rBCf630HXH8C7LI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=eupXTJM_TAw\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Unsupervised Learning of a Scene-Specific Coarse Gaze Estimator<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PO0TXBKfMFw03intOt7YGT-4e41VDyHsfcl8N7AZoRo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=n3QI3F_-Jj4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">VicarVision - People flow analytics<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1jqUKRWR-sIF2-rAUUijGgN33fdjj53eDVFcOuj3tW_4\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=4eIBisqx9_g\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">YOLO Object Detection (TensorFlow tutorial)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-EvlKXRMR-5hmoVP5TUAQnP4lkpQnZSyWJuXEofeQLk\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=mfB1C4QQJr4\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">YOLOv2 Real-Time Object Detection on KITTI<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1RYD3gAyP1PKon6Cj-UFf98JrAkhuL7AOCVq1uAMcikM\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=8kPY1fQhZtk\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">3D Object Detection and Tracking using YOLO4 in Autonomous Vehicles<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1kPaZiLqu2Nn4Xx5NWwQaWA8xiqCEcy1U92cmoACNNqo\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=AV23w7P8VLA\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Manage the complexity of traffic - iSYS-5220 radar system performance video<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1DwkhXu3YdSqigEdz6Yk-w_x96kr4k1tDO5jwLTcEph0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=QcCjmWwEUgg\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Real-time event detection for video surveillance applications<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1XEt7dKaPRTOzj1HIcwOg7CSNduyknUy12TKDZk6tpUc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.snap4city.org\/dashboardSmartCity\/management\/iframeApp.php?linkUrl=https:\/\/www.snap4city.org\/drupal&amp;linkId=snap4cityPortalLink&amp;pageTitle=www.snap4city.org&amp;fromSubmenu=false\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Snap4City: Intelligent analytical application constructor for smart cities and the Internet of Things<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1DAH4k4eTQeghFzk9q8h0Viu07TDhJqk7KT9jLPj1JtQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>:\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.snap4city.org\/drupal\/node\/540\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Scenario: People Flow Analysis via Wi-Fi<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1-Wxra2qqpT4yZjpd3Vtfe5g7CVwTR3ZLsVT9-QOBvsg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.snap4city.org\/drupal\/node\/524\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Data Analytics developed by using Snap4City solutions and tools<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1t7QH_Fu7rJxbK5ql31S6RQ5zL11XBX1NobBKulorN7U\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=DFCizDVTTlE\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Snap4City: how to create dashboard for smart city IOT (First part)<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1w_JR_Xs0uTvBiXha0jtiJGyjLgGRl9qXrvg-4-g1Ajc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=axxkLU6wyko\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Snap4city demo dashboard and smart city control room, 2021<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1aX68JxRugcI22SHsIEWWxenLd1OEZs8_ZMD3zk7Wd0Q\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/watch?v=W22kH_ft_8c\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Snap4City Overview per Smart City CINI 2021<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1ilYH2YqlK5t240FBRTGs2HIECGCJQjqtkU4vLJGDhBQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S1045926X17300083\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Wi-Fi based city users\u2019 behaviour analysis for smart city<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1FIkCPkaOWc29AtbtnDYCSMYh3xdpW8XOkn8BKzbxYUA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_98 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/99-observation-elements-eye-movement-heat-map-and-viewport-demonstration-made-with-brainsight-app.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0422\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f Brainsight.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/99-observation-elements-eye-movement-heat-map-and-viewport-demonstration-made-with-brainsight-app.png\" width=\"1188\" height=\"324\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/99-observation-elements-eye-movement-heat-map-and-viewport-demonstration-made-with-brainsight-app.png 1188w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/99-observation-elements-eye-movement-heat-map-and-viewport-demonstration-made-with-brainsight-app-980x267.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/99-observation-elements-eye-movement-heat-map-and-viewport-demonstration-made-with-brainsight-app-480x131.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1188px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3791\" alt=\"\u0422\u0435\u043f\u043b\u043e\u0432\u0430\u044f \u043a\u0430\u0440\u0442\u0430 \u0434\u0432\u0438\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f \u0433\u043b\u0430\u0437 \u0438 \u0434\u0435\u043c\u043e\u043d\u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u0446\u0438\u044f \u043e\u0431\u043b\u0430\u0441\u0442\u0438 \u043f\u0440\u043e\u0441\u043c\u043e\u0442\u0440\u0430, \u0441\u0434\u0435\u043b\u0430\u043d\u043d\u044b\u0435 \u0441 \u043f\u043e\u043c\u043e\u0449\u044c\u044e \u043f\u0440\u0438\u043b\u043e\u0436\u0435\u043d\u0438\u044f Brainsight.\" title=\"99-observation-elements-eye-movement-heat-map-and-viewport-demonstration-made-with-brainsight-app\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_232 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Heat map of eye movement and gaze demonstration produced with the Brainsight app. Developer site: <a href=\"https:\/\/www.brainsight.app\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Brainsight<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/17x_kYsxWF4A8YlWnxIdAFcH0E_MApk4Ac4c6ROASgSg\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>].<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_233 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Patent references:<\/p>\n<ul>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US8230232B2\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US8230232B2 \u2014 System and method for determining a computer user profile from a motion-based input device<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/117Zw4ChdKBAOsxG-5-HZIVMf1ia3SZkzHv08dsguSFI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US7222075B2\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US7222075B2 \u2014 Detecting emotions using voice signal analysis<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1Uw5mwYnF9fvOr2VSDwFpuhc2bUMkv7SEbKDdTuv81bE\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US6006188A\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US6006188A \u2014 Speech signal processing for determining psychological or physiological characteristics using a knowledge base<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1AoR_zrZKqU6MYfon5-kDcVJOhKGGVcX8PpWkT9-QRsc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US6301370B1\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US6301370B1 \u2014 Face recognition from video images<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1r0ltX1JtBUVEqA27tbrfbsZZFTY74BlPRy4I_UT6DwQ\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>;<\/li>\n<li><a href=\"https:\/\/patents.google.com\/patent\/US20190146616A1\/en\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">US20190146616A1 \u2014 Systems And Methods For Remote Tracking And Replay Of User Interaction With A Webpage<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1fVMHBOum7i9BgMQGkTe6PVy2pMM3w9w0mnuE0vqPc-s\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<p>There are many other applications.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_234 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><h3>Websites<\/h3>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_235 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p><strong>Website<\/strong> is software installed on a server to interact with it through a browser. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Website\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Website<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1bf3rsLg1lKw3pVpjv4dz9zcgP6Z-sFpUnhOuq8WGvOc\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_image_99 et_pb_image et_pb_module et_block_module\"><a href=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/100-observation-elements-apple-facebook-trello-sites.png\" class=\"et_pb_lightbox_image\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0448\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): apple.com, facebook.com, trello.com.\"><span class=\"et_pb_image_wrap\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/100-observation-elements-apple-facebook-trello-sites.png\" width=\"1172\" height=\"684\" srcset=\"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/100-observation-elements-apple-facebook-trello-sites.png 1172w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/100-observation-elements-apple-facebook-trello-sites-980x572.png 980w, https:\/\/newepoch.org\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/09\/100-observation-elements-apple-facebook-trello-sites-480x280.png 480w\" sizes=\"(min-width: 0px) and (max-width: 480px) 480px, (min-width: 481px) and (max-width: 980px) 980px, (min-width: 981px) 1172px, 100vw\" class=\"wp-image-3792\" alt=\"\u0421\u043a\u0440\u0438\u043d\u0448\u043e\u0442\u044b \u0441\u0442\u0440\u0430\u043d\u0438\u0446 \u0441\u0430\u0439\u0442\u043e\u0432 (\u0441\u043b\u0435\u0432\u0430-\u043d\u0430\u043f\u0440\u0430\u0432\u043e \u0441\u0432\u0435\u0440\u0445\u0443-\u0432\u043d\u0438\u0437): apple.com, facebook.com, trello.com.\" title=\"100-observation-elements-apple-facebook-trello-sites\" \/><\/span><\/a><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_236 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Screenshots of website pages (left to right, top to bottom): <a href=\"https:\/\/www.apple.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">apple.com<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1PAdHpYUjxd0c0zEt02T26pSeUbFeQhQM5zYuQchC_bI\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">facebook.com<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1I2jxQg3X6y0NZ09HtDuH8HfRsHFmCU4_4znMqf6x3no\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>], <a href=\"https:\/\/trello.com\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">trello.com<\/a> [<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1jvUW2jl_e3WHT96vRf_FgLmTsC4yy1Njf17Gz4zBWq0\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">archive<\/a>] (the last two).<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_text_237 et_pb_text et_pb_bg_layout_light et_pb_module et_block_module\"><div class=\"et_pb_text_inner\"><p>Websites <strong>capture data about living objects<\/strong> in real time using device fingerprints, browser fingerprints, canvas fingerprints (HTML5), IP addresses, cookies, web beacons, and other technologies. Reference: <a href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Web_tracking\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Web tracking<\/a> <em><span style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">[<a href=\"https:\/\/docs.google.com\/document\/d\/1jAp3mM0Rdh2w6UzoO4zfiNbcR_mzyK36c08ccjvp8aA\/edit?usp=sharing\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\" style=\"color: #9ba0a7;\">archive<\/a>]<\/span><\/em>. It is also advisable to review the privacy policies of website developers.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<\/div>\n\n<div class=\"et_pb_column_7 et_pb_column et_pb_column_1_5 et-last-child et_flex_column et_pb_column_empty et_pb_css_mix_blend_mode_passthrough\"><\/div>\n<\/div>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"parent":2918,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-3234","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3234","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/page"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=3234"}],"version-history":[{"count":254,"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3234\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":9445,"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/3234\/revisions\/9445"}],"up":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/pages\/2918"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/newepoch.org\/ru\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=3234"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}